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quiring of a more tolerant, more cynical and at the same time ,more kindlier view of life。 Krathwohl, 1956) knowledge prehension application analysis synthesis evaluation objectivist constructivist Epistemology ? What is knowledge? objectivism constructivism Constructivism 1. Create authentic environments that provide a relevant context for the learning 2. Focus on developing realistic methods to solving realworld problems 3. Stress conceptual interrelations and multiple perspectives 4. The instructor coaches the students on strategies 5. Learning should be controlled by the learner The role of the tutor “ sage on the stage” “ guide by the side” objectivism constructivism Language learning ? Krashen39。 then it reaches a manhood of intense activities, profiting from experience and learning more about society and human nature。s prehensible input hypothesis ? (learning and acquisition) ? Swain(1985) prehensible output hypothesis, that is “the opportunities to produce language were important for acquisition.” ? Input and output are both important and form and meaning are inseparable. ? Writing can bine both form and meaning and input and output, learn many things simultaneously and imperfectly.” ? So writing and speaking continuously is a very essential way to learn language well. Communicative activities may act as a ? “switch” that can allow the “l(fā)earnt” language to pass to the “acquired” st