【正文】 法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.過去完成時(shí)had done。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回家。 es B. have just helped out。 noticed說明：slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示：It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型：主語（受動(dòng)者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動(dòng)者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動(dòng)者”（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。The cloth washes 。一、謂語與非謂語的比較非謂語動(dòng)詞是漢語中沒有的語言現(xiàn)象。非謂語語法功能的比較 做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resistfeel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（主語與動(dòng)名詞之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意思是，意味著）can’t help （to） do（不能幫忙做）can’t help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)做了consider…to be認(rèn)為是consider doing考慮做某事非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別分 類常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例 句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I asked to be sent to the countryside.I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的區(qū)別分 類區(qū) 別例 句不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介詞at不能丟)動(dòng)名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系Shall we go to the swimming pool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves/the fallen leaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成或只表示狀態(tài)注意：the bridge to b。 took part in the sports sports meet was taken part in by her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。The pen writes 。II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu) 成常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu) 成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are done6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being done2一般過去時(shí)was/were done7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been done3一般將來時(shí)shall/will be done8過去完成時(shí)had been done4過去將來時(shí)should/would be done9將來完成時(shí)will/would have been done5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being done10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be done注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。 noticed C. slipped。 have you been說明：didn’t know 強(qiáng)調(diào)見面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)I have read that 。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。 —Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the readingroom.—She knows a lot about Shanghai.－She has been there.（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry, finish,plete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。I’ll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.,there開頭的句子里，go,e等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。注意：①當(dāng)它跟賓語時(shí)，不能把介詞放在賓語后面。have(has)。（意為：我度過了最為令人煩惱的一天。規(guī)則：限定語（The、A）+ 描繪性形容詞 + size（?。? shape（形狀）+ age（年齡、時(shí)間）+ color（顏色）+ origin（國(guó)籍、來源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名詞。此外it還可以作形式主語、形式賓語和用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中。The paper works was built in 。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學(xué)生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構(gòu)成的短語以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 the B. the。2014高考英語語法單選超級(jí)歸納一、冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。 the 2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于演奏樂器play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對(duì)比上文的不定冠詞用法5）—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Jo