【正文】 動(dòng)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展前進(jìn)，每年以超過(guò)兩位數(shù)字的增長(zhǎng)率向著輕 、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開(kāi)關(guān)電源可分為 AC/DC 和 DC/DC 兩大類(lèi)，也有 AC/AC DC/AC 如逆變器 DC/DC 變換器現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國(guó)內(nèi)外均已成熟和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并已得到用戶(hù)的認(rèn)可，但 AC/DC 的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進(jìn)程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問(wèn)題。所以開(kāi)關(guān)管數(shù)越多， DC/DC 轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出功率越大，四管式比兩管式輸出功率大一倍，單管式輸出功率只有四管式的 1/4。四管 DC/DC 轉(zhuǎn)換器就是全橋 DC/DC 轉(zhuǎn)換器（ FullBridge Converter）。這里主要介紹的只是直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源，其功能是將電能質(zhì)量較差的原生態(tài)電源（粗電），如市電電源或蓄電池電源，轉(zhuǎn)換成滿(mǎn)足設(shè)備要求的質(zhì)量較高的直流電壓（精電）。 簡(jiǎn)介 隨著電力電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，電力電子設(shè)備與人們的工作、生活的關(guān)系日益密切，而電子設(shè)備都離不開(kāi)可靠的電源，進(jìn)入 80 年代計(jì)算機(jī)電源全面實(shí)現(xiàn)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源化，率先完成計(jì)算機(jī)的電源換代，進(jìn)入 90 年代開(kāi)關(guān)電源相繼進(jìn)入各種電子、電器設(shè)備領(lǐng)域，程控交換機(jī)、通訊、電子檢測(cè)設(shè)備電源、控制設(shè)備電源等都已廣泛地使用了開(kāi)關(guān)電源，更促進(jìn)了 開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。 開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化是其發(fā)展的方 向，高頻化使開(kāi)關(guān)電源小型化，并使開(kāi)關(guān)電源進(jìn)入更廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，特別是在高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，推動(dòng)了高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的小型化、輕便化。 隔離式 DC/DC 轉(zhuǎn)換器也可以按有源功率器件的個(gè)數(shù)來(lái)分類(lèi)。四管 DC/DC 轉(zhuǎn)換器常用的是全橋 DC/DC 轉(zhuǎn)換器（ FullBridge Converter）。借助轉(zhuǎn)換器本身的正反饋信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)開(kāi)關(guān)管自持周期性開(kāi)關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)換器，叫做自激式轉(zhuǎn)換器，如洛耶爾 （ Royer）轉(zhuǎn)換器就是一種典型的推挽自激式轉(zhuǎn)換器。變壓器的繞組一般可以分成三種類(lèi)型，一組是參與振蕩的初級(jí)繞組，一組是維持振蕩的反饋繞組，還有一組是負(fù)載繞組。 5 開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展方向是高頻、高可靠、低耗、低噪聲、抗干擾和模塊化。要加快我國(guó)開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展速度，就必須走技術(shù)創(chuàng)新之路，走出有中國(guó)特色的產(chǎn)學(xué)研聯(lián)合發(fā)展之路，為我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。其中，為防止隨開(kāi)關(guān)啟 閉所發(fā)生的電壓浪涌，可采用 RC 或 LC 緩沖器，而對(duì)由二極管存儲(chǔ)電荷所致的電流浪涌可采用非晶態(tài)等磁芯制成的磁緩沖器。一旦輸入電壓被斬成交流方波，其幅值就可以通過(guò)變壓器來(lái)升高或降低。 電路原理 所謂開(kāi)關(guān)電源，顧名思義，就是這里有一扇門(mén)，一開(kāi)門(mén)電源就通過(guò)，一關(guān)門(mén)電源就停止通過(guò)，那么什么是門(mén)呢，開(kāi)關(guān)電源里有的采用可控硅，有的采用開(kāi)關(guān)管，這兩個(gè)元器件性能差不多，都是靠基極、（開(kāi)關(guān)管）控制極（可控硅）上加上脈沖信號(hào)來(lái)完成導(dǎo)通和截止的，脈沖信號(hào)正半周到來(lái)，控制 極上電壓升高，開(kāi)關(guān)管或可控硅就導(dǎo)通，由 220V 整流、濾波后輸出的 300V 電壓就導(dǎo)通，通過(guò)開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器傳到次級(jí)，再通過(guò)變壓比將電壓升高或降低，供各個(gè)電路工作。其具體的電路由以下幾類(lèi)： Buck 電路 —— 降壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓 U0 小于輸入電壓 Ui，極性相同。 AC/DC 變換器輸入為 50/60Hz 的交流電，因必須經(jīng)整流、濾波，因此體積相對(duì)較大的濾波電容器是必不可少的，同時(shí)因遇到安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（如 UL、 CCEE 等）及 EMC 指令的限制（如 IEC、 FCC、 CSA），交流輸入側(cè)必須加 EMC 濾波及使 用符合安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的元件，這樣就限制 AC/DC 電源體積的小型化，另外，由于內(nèi)部的高頻、高壓、大電流開(kāi)關(guān)動(dòng)作，使得解決 EMC 電磁兼容問(wèn)題難度加大，也就對(duì)內(nèi)部高密度安裝電路設(shè)計(jì)提出了很高的要求，由于同樣的原因，高電壓、大電流開(kāi)關(guān)使得電源工作損耗增大，限制了 AC/DC 變換器模塊化的進(jìn)程，因此必須采用電源系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法才能使其工作效率達(dá)到一定的滿(mǎn)意程度。 the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original ecopower (coarse) such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of highquality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply. DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter。 shutdown, voltage, current) Voltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss. Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by chopping, that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC 18 waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage. The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulsewidth conversion unit. Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transform and boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications. the circuit schematic The socalled switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two ponent performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to plete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semiattentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cutoff, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the highfrequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the 19 switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the baseemitter voltage is is the zoom state, These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation