土木工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--土木工程-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smokeproducing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land. Transportation engineering Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners since the quality of the munity is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. Pipeline engineering In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities, which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semi liquids wastes, to water, oil and various types pf highly bustible and nonbustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type pf materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or binations of various materials, installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well. Construction engineering Civil engineers in this field oversee the 4 construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors, workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete。所謂建成環(huán)境是包括從灌溉、排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施等所有根據(jù)科學(xué)原理而建造的建筑。根據(jù)項(xiàng)目的類型不同，需要許多專業(yè)的土木工程專家的技術(shù)參與。正如我們所看到的，土木工程 師的工作涉及多種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以對(duì)一個(gè)工程師而言，僅在某種結(jié)構(gòu)上有專長是一種正?，F(xiàn)象。 結(jié)構(gòu)工程 在這個(gè)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，土木工程師規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)所有類型的結(jié)構(gòu)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)包括橋梁、堤壩、動(dòng)力廠、設(shè)備底座、近海工程的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)、美國空間項(xiàng)目、輸電塔、大型的天文和無線電望遠(yuǎn)鏡以及其它很多類型的項(xiàng)目。 環(huán)境工程 在這一領(lǐng)域中，土木工程師設(shè)計(jì)、建造和監(jiān)督安全的飲用水系統(tǒng)，防止和控制來自地表和地下的對(duì)供水系統(tǒng)的污染。因?yàn)樯鐓^(qū)的質(zhì)量與交通運(yùn)輸體系的質(zhì)量有直接的關(guān)系，所以他們要與城市規(guī)劃者密切協(xié)作。 幾乎所有工程項(xiàng)目的施工過程都很復(fù)雜。這些工程實(shí)踐通常涉及到高科技方法例如衛(wèi)星和航空測量，攝影成像的計(jì)算機(jī)處理等。土木工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理將技術(shù)知識(shí)與組織協(xié)調(diào)人力、材料、機(jī)械和資金的能力結(jié)合起來。 。土木工程科研的領(lǐng)域包括力學(xué)、土穩(wěn)定性技術(shù)、新型結(jié)構(gòu)材料的開發(fā)與實(shí)驗(yàn)等。他們評(píng)估各種必要的設(shè)施，這些設(shè)施包括街道和公路、公共交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)、民用機(jī)場、港口設(shè)施、給排水系統(tǒng)、公共建筑、公園、娛樂設(shè)施及其它為了保證社會(huì)福利以及經(jīng)濟(jì)的、環(huán)境的利益而設(shè)置的公共設(shè)施。他們協(xié)調(diào)幾 乎每一個(gè)參與工作的人員的活動(dòng)，這些工作人員包括測量員，臨時(shí)道路與邊坡的放線和修筑工人，挖掘地基、支摸板和澆注混凝土的工人，以及綁扎鋼筋骨架的工人。他們擅長于設(shè)計(jì)和維修各種類型的交通設(shè)施，如公路和街道、大規(guī)模的交通體系、鐵路、航空港和海港碼頭。 巖土工程 在這一領(lǐng)域有專長的土木工程 師分析支撐建筑和結(jié)構(gòu)特性的巖土性質(zhì)，他們估計(jì)并力求減小建筑物和其它構(gòu)筑物由其作用于巖土層上的重力而產(chǎn)生的沉降。電腦
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