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te any surface openings. After removal of excess, an absorbent, white powder is applied, which draws any trapped oil to the surface. This creates an indication of the presence of the surface opening. This process, like visual inspection, also requires visual acuity, but the indications are ?enhanced? by the process, since ?bleedout? spreads the visual image. Costs can range from as little as $4 for a couple of cans, to $8000 for a process ?line?. Both VT and PT are surface inspection systems only arid will therefore detect only those discontinuities that have a definite surface opening Surface cleanliness is very important, particularly with PT. MT 一 ferromagic materials carrying a large flux density。 a)鑄件缺陷 鑄件缺陷的位置在選擇無損檢測方法時(shí)有重大影響,因此將這些位置分為三類以幫助選擇檢測方法: 表面開口缺陷: 圈,縫,爆裂紋,砂眼,裂縫,夾渣 近表面缺陷: 縫,披縫,夾渣,晶粒結(jié)構(gòu) 內(nèi)部缺陷: 披縫,爆裂紋,紋理,晶粒結(jié)構(gòu),夾渣,縮孔 下面是幾種缺陷的簡單介紹以幫助理解: 圈 :折疊金屬,扁平的表面但沒有融入它 縫:線性缺陷、吹孔或鋼錠氧化斑點(diǎn),這是熱加工時(shí)被加長所致 爆裂紋:斷裂故障導(dǎo)致的塑性變形,加工工藝過程中的溫度過低或過度作用的金屬 披縫:長條狀缺陷,由于金屬夾雜物沒被擠出而成細(xì)長的缺陷 紋理:平面平行排列的表面缺陷,最早起源于原錠從推出了管道 裂縫:實(shí)驗(yàn)失敗,由于局部應(yīng)力造成的非均勻加熱或冷卻和拒絕使用變形 夾渣:雜質(zhì) ,如礦渣、氧化物和硫化物,通常來自原熔融階段鋼坯用于鍛造成形 晶粒結(jié)構(gòu):根據(jù)工作中的程度 (變形和再結(jié)晶 )可以是小至 毫米或大如 10 毫米 縮孔:由于在凝 固收縮時(shí)形成的空洞的中心或坯錠 砂眼:一塊外來物質(zhì)或被按卷成表面的物質(zhì) b)無損檢測方法 VT— 目視檢測是無損檢測中最原始的方法,但現(xiàn)在也有它的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,且應(yīng)用廣泛。 MT— 磁粉檢測,鐵磁性材料具有較大的磁通量密度,分布在內(nèi)部較多,外部只有端面處的少量。 ET— 渦流檢測 ,直流電在螺線圈流動,通過螺線圈形成一個(gè)穩(wěn)定持久的磁場區(qū),而且存在一個(gè)特定的流動阻力。然而在導(dǎo)體材料內(nèi)的變化也能實(shí)現(xiàn)感應(yīng),同樣能改變浸透力。 RT— 短波長的電磁射線能穿透很多材料,這取決于次啊聊的密度和厚度。 因此 ,通常情況下 , 為了檢測大多數(shù)缺陷,一個(gè)單一部件就必須從多個(gè)方向射線透照 ,。反射回的信號幅度與反射物的大小有關(guān), 因此可以根據(jù)聲波穿透的厚度和寬度得出一個(gè)反射物的近似尺寸。而對射線檢測來說,表面粗糙度超過材料的厚度 1%的可能導(dǎo)致重大的靈敏度變化。在超聲檢測中當(dāng)探測器整個(gè)與檢測表面直接接觸時(shí),探測器中有較好的透光率。 厚度 目視檢測、渦流檢測、滲透檢測和磁粉檢測都是表面檢測的方法所以不受材料厚度的影響。超聲檢測是當(dāng)反射面和聲音束成直角時(shí)有最大的反應(yīng)。渦流檢測再次要求特殊形狀進(jìn)行了探測,射線檢測需要較大數(shù)量的感光膠片的曝光和角度的照射。目視檢測要求特殊的接入設(shè)備,渦 流檢測需要為曲面或不規(guī)則表面特別設(shè)計(jì)探針。對磁粉檢測來說,存 在類似情況,粗糙的表面會產(chǎn)生一個(gè)混亂的背景。因?yàn)槌暡ㄔ谔囟ǖ牟牧现械膫鞑ニ俣仁且阎模深A(yù)測的),那么聲脈沖到反射面的距離就是時(shí)間的正比例函數(shù)。因此,一個(gè)晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)類的相對于膠片平行的缺陷,不太可能被檢測出來。這就意味著對任何組件(除了天然的電鍍金屬板),設(shè)計(jì)特殊的探測器通常是用來探測特定輪廓組件。對一個(gè)給定的自由缺陷表面,一個(gè)特殊的改變或許,它可以被“歸零”。它不能用于檢測順磁性材料或無磁性材料 ,如銅、鋁、奧氏體不銹鋼。但在檢測過程中顯示圖像被加強(qiáng)了,從“滲透”中已經(jīng)傳播出了缺陷視覺圖像,成本范圍從兩個(gè)罐的 4 美元到一個(gè)工藝生產(chǎn)線的 8000 美元。 machine can cost up to $10 000 and the cost of electricity can be substantial. ET 一 Direct current flowing in a coil, sets up a longitudinal magic, field through the coil, and exhibits a particular resistance to flow. If the current is alternating, then a further effect 一 inductive reactance, adds to this resistance, the total being impedance. This impedance also causes a lag between the current and the voltage, called a phase shift. This shift and impedance are characteristics of the coil. If the coil is now placed close to a conducting surface, the reversing magic field induces a reversing current in the conducting (eddy current) which opposes the inducing field. This opposition alters the impedance of the coil and a suitable instrument can detect these changes (both phase angle and/or impedance).For a given ,discontinuityfree surface , a specific alteration will be present which can be zeroed .If the coil now passes over a discontinuity, a change in induction will occur which will be registered by the instrument. However, a change in the conductivity of the material will also effect the induction, as will changes in permeability. Thus, nonuniform heat treatment, segregation and in homogeneities in material position and structure will also effect the induction and create an ?indication?. Another critical factor is the distance betw