【正文】 ct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low importintensity of about % only, it is the largest foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is selfsufficient and plete in cotton value chain producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished product of garments. Its growth and vitality therefore has critical bearings on the Indian economy at large. What Is Competitiveness? Competitiveness is about productivity, which in turn is a function of factors related to cost of products, as well as those related to nonprice factors such as delivery schedules, reliability of producers, and such intangible factors like image of the country/pany and brand equity. Together, they define the petitive sinews of a product to pete under conditions of free market. However, in order to translate industry petitiveness into sales (greater export share in world market), another set of issues in addition to productivity need to be examined. These relate to market access conditions. Indeed, industry petitiveness of restrained exporters such as India was not much of an issue during the last almost four decades, ever since the Short Term Arrangement (STA) of 1961. And the reason lay not in price and nonprice factors, but in the ?managed? conditions under which global trade in textile and clothing products took place. In fact, it was precisely because of the price petitiveness of some Asian exporters in the 1950s and the 1960s that the “generally and solemnly agreed rules of postwar policy conduct including the keystone of the system, the nondiscrimination rules were formally set aside for reasons regarded as pragmatic”. This system of managed trade, however, will e to an end on 31st December 2021. For the purpose of this study, industry has been defined as a group of firms manufacturing products that directly or indirectly petes with each other. It is implied that no nation can be petitive in manufacturing all goods and services. Hence, industry petitiveness of an entire nation is not quite meaningful. Instead, since it is the firms who pete in international markets, the entire framework of petitiveness would revolve around the study of the firm. “…industrial success was founded on behaviour of firms, not on the decisions of governments”. The list of products (industries) identified is in Appendix A. Objective amp。機(jī)會(huì)是因?yàn)槭袌霾粫?huì)受到限制；威脅是市場將不再受配額得到保證，甚至將開放國內(nèi)的市場競爭。這個(gè)行業(yè)是唯一的自給自足的從價(jià)值鏈生產(chǎn)到成品的最佳附加值的 產(chǎn)業(yè)。 但是，這種貿(mào)易體系將出現(xiàn)到 2021 年 13 月 31 日底。 由于印度紡織和服裝行業(yè)主要 是在 棉的基礎(chǔ)上 的 ，研究將主要集中在棉紡織品和服裝，并 從整個(gè)纖維到服裝的成品等價(jià)值鏈到分銷，零售等上研究。 五、紡織品和服裝的全球貿(mào)易：印度的競爭表現(xiàn) 在 MFA 期間，來自工業(yè)國家和發(fā)展中國家的紡織品出口只是在 24 年之間的配額有所改變。事實(shí)上，這些都因?yàn)樵跒趵缁睾险勁兄斜话l(fā)達(dá)國家淘汰了。另一方面，只有50％的額外纖維消費(fèi)量將來自發(fā)展中國家。 preferred39。然而，有趣的是，有三個(gè)棉服裝產(chǎn)品的占有率在 50%60%之間。印度必須建立在這個(gè)產(chǎn)品類別的實(shí)力來迅速捕捉 2021 年突然開放的巨大的市場。 在棉服裝的競爭對手國家，除了 39。但一旦配額取消，由于這些國家的出口規(guī)模龐大印度可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己又在這個(gè)升級市場損失巨大。從 39。不過，巴基斯坦還不是威脅，因?yàn)樗膯挝粌r(jià)值相比與印度還是較低的。順便說一句，這些產(chǎn)品是所有棉制服裝中在美 國進(jìn)口增長最快的幾種。從 19952021 年的證據(jù)表明，中國 341 出口已經(jīng)快于 印度。所以 341和 342 在美國進(jìn)口市場增長強(qiáng)勁，而不是 336。這是完全符合事實(shí)的，它是因?yàn)榉b貿(mào)易增長快于紡織品的兼容。由于工業(yè)化的國家的份額在下降，這些新進(jìn)入者都是來自于發(fā)展中國家。 為了評估供應(yīng)方面因素的出口競爭力，對一些國家的紡織品和服裝出口的供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行就勞工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行初步的訪談。相反