【正文】 “或許就因?yàn)檫@個儀器,你甚至可能會喜歡上一個新短 語, ”這位朋友在一封信中提到,在他自己的作品中,他“在音樂和語言方面的‘思想’常常要依賴于筆和紙 的質(zhì)量”。但打字機(jī)救了他,起碼一度挽救過他。我們得訓(xùn)練自己的大腦, 讓它學(xué)會如何將我們所看到的字符譯解成自己可以理解的語言。但是,這已是另一種閱讀模式,背后隱藏的是另一種思考方式 — 也 許甚至是一種全新的自我意識。作為五年研究計劃的一部分,學(xué)者們檢測了計 算機(jī)日志,它跟蹤記錄了兩個流行的搜索網(wǎng)站的用戶行為。t prove we still await the longterm neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and part of the fiveyear research program, the scholars examined puter logs39。他在早些時候同樣提到因特網(wǎng)如何改變了他的 思維習(xí)慣。當(dāng)我向文學(xué)界的朋友和熟人提到我在閱讀方面的困擾, 許多人說他們也有 同樣的感受。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)就像媒體理論家馬歇爾 ? 麥克盧恩在上 世紀(jì) 60年代所指出的那樣,媒體可不只是被動的信息渠道。(超鏈接常被比作腳注,但是和腳注不一樣,超 鏈接不僅僅鏈接到相關(guān)作品。re sometimes likened, hyperlinks don39。原本輕松自然的深度閱讀,已成了痛苦掙扎。我的思維方式在 變。Unit4 Is Google Making Us Stupid the past few years I39。Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the conditions e under the control of general managers,team owners,corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and 。英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒有足夠的知識欣賞運(yùn)動或比賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾。他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動人心或有爭議性的運(yùn)動員。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識,人們?nèi)菀资艿竭\(yùn)動或賽事之外的東西的影響,容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。s necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it39?；蛘弑荣惿婕案哳~獎金,因而運(yùn)動員們都全身心地投入比賽。然而,體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開展,有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。Ultimately, the emotional reward can pensate for the pain and difficulty of perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it39。對于經(jīng)常跑超過 24小時的 l00英里比賽的超級馬拉松運(yùn)動員來說,嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。t meaning to grow from were just trying to in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.” 15從災(zāi)難中成長起來的人盡管經(jīng)歷過恐怖的事情,但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價值的人并不 是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的人。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。她說,毫無疑問她 現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。d known or believed in was uselesstime, money, selfimage, that was so freeing.” 9然而,在經(jīng)歷了若干個不眠之夜后,她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。最輕微的動作—比如說試著吞咽—對她來說也痛苦不堪。它主 要受愉悅情感的支配,但同時也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。但出人意料的 是,很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會這樣說 :“我希望這事 沒發(fā)生,但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒?。在遭遇了即使最可怕的?jīng)歷之后, 也只有一小部分成年人會受到長期的心理折磨。密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心學(xué)家勞拉 ? 金認(rèn)為 :“幸福 僅僅是許許多多人生價值中的一種。甚至將臉壓 在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。雖然她仍然感到痛苦,但 一種新的意識每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈 :一種令人驚嘆的解脫感,結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。“我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義,那就是快樂地生活,同時扶 持他人。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn), 對很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來說, 生活最終會變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中。他們對自己的力量感到吃 驚,相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么,他們都能應(yīng)付。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后,競賽者有時會忘了自己是誰,忘了自己在干什么。s possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization.“You39。對許多人來說,賬本底線已取代了球門線,體育不再只是為了運(yùn)動員們自身的興趣而存在?；蛘弑荣愓故玖嗽S多出色的或者“英雄式”的表現(xiàn)。s made up of many people who don39。在比賽期間,他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑椤Ｋ麄兺鶕?jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來評價比賽。 the need to please naive audiences bees greater, so does the emphasis on heroic is why television mentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playing with pain, and athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating skaters are worried that the mercial success of their sport is ing to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of , some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions signs of true mitment and dedication to their ,就越會強(qiáng)調(diào)英雄主義取向。當(dāng)體育開始依賴于創(chuàng)造收入時,體育組織的控制權(quán)就會離運(yùn)動員越來越遠(yuǎn)。ve had an unfortable sense that someone, or something,has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the mind isn39。這種感覺在我閱讀的時候尤為強(qiáng)烈。 think I know what39。t merely point to related works。它們還驅(qū)使你去點(diǎn)擊創(chuàng)門。它們不但提供了思想的源泉,也塑造了思想的進(jìn) 程。他們上網(wǎng)越多,在閱讀長文章時,就越難集中精力。“稍長些的文章,不管是網(wǎng)上的還是已經(jīng)出版的,我現(xiàn)在幾乎已經(jīng)完全喪失了閱讀它們的能力。 documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, ebooks, and other sources of written found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity”, hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they39。其中一個網(wǎng)站是英國圖書館的,另一個是英國教 育社團(tuán)的,他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻(xiàn)資源?！安粌H閱讀的內(nèi)容塑造了我們, ”塔夫茨大學(xué)的發(fā)展心理學(xué)家、《普魯斯特與魷 魚 :閱讀思維的科學(xué)與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜 ? 沃爾夫說, “閱讀方式也體現(xiàn)了我們自身。而媒體或其他我們用于學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)閱讀的技 術(shù)在塑造我們大腦的神經(jīng)電路中扮演著重要角色。他終于熟能生巧,閉著眼睛只用手指尖也能打字 — 盲打。Unit7 the poetry of architecture 1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human is not merely a science of the rule and pass, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion。他 那已經(jīng)十分簡練的行文變得更緊湊、‘更電文式了。他只得被迫縮減他的寫作時間,并擔(dān)心自己今后恐怕不得不放棄寫作了。s not etched into our genes the way speech have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and