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t need it now. So, e and fess, Teddy. How good it sounds to hear you say `Teddy39。s ghost seemed to sta nd before her, a substantial, lifelike ghost, leaning over her with the very look he used to wear when he felt a good deal and didn39。t need it. Well, I needn39。clock, the four members ascended to the clubroom, tied their badges round their heads, and took their seats with great solemnity. Meg, as the eldest, was Samuel Pickwick, Jo, being of a literary turn, Augustus Snodgrass, Beth, because she was round and rosy, Tracy Tupman, and Amy, who was always trying to do what she couldn39。t, because I thought perhaps I could saAs spring came on, a new set of amusements became the fashion, and the lengthening days gave long afternoons for work and play of all sorts. The garde n had to be put in order, and each sister had a quarter of the little plot to do what she liked with. Hannah used to say, I39。 No wonder you didn39。You have the effrontery to bring your monster into my house, and tell me it39。 Harriet, let me see that child — properly.39。 39。 39。 There was a pause. Presently she added: 39。 39。 so far, nobody had thought of looking there for me. It was simply a matter of putting in half an hour or so. Normally the room was very convenient, though just at present its use required caution because the wattle wall between the rooms was cracked and I had to move very cautiously on tiptoe lest my mother should hear me. On that particular day I was just thinking that I had allowed nearly enough time for people to be busy again when a twowheeled trap drove up. As it passed the w indow I had a glimpse of my Aunt Harriet holding the reins. I had only seen her some eight or nine times, for she lived fifteen miles away in the Kentak direction, but what I knew of he r I liked. She was some three years younger than my mother. Superficially they were not dissimilar, and yet, in Aunt Harriet each feature had been a little softened, so that the effect of them all together was different. I used to feel when I looked a t her that I was seeing my mother as she might have been — as, I thought, I would have liked her to be. She was easier to talk to, too。s room. Then followed the worst wait of all. Mary said afterwards that he hummed and ha39。 20 致 謝 在我的努力和老師朋友的幫助下,畢業(yè)設計終于順利的完成。 國際電工委員會 IEC《應急照明燈具》標準將應急照明分為疏散照明和備用照明,國際 照明委員會 CIE 出版物《建筑物內(nèi)的應急照明指南》將應急照明分為疏散照明、安全照明和備用照明。即從正常電源供電轉(zhuǎn)換到蓄電池供電后,光源輸出光通量的比例。其主要技術要求如下: 蓄電池:要求使用全封閉、免維護、尺寸小的充電型 電池,一般應使用鎘鎳電池,條件較優(yōu)越也可鉛酸電池,但尺寸較大,壽命較短,但不應使用汽車蓄電池,更不允許用原電池。 ( 3)照明熄滅將妨礙消防工作的想法控制中心或指揮中心、消防設施間等。 15 第 8 章 應急照明電源的切斷 雖說應急照明是一項綜合安全設施,并不都是用于火災時,但它應滿足消防的規(guī)范,它的供電是屬于消防用電電源。除此以外,我認為應急照明配線宜提倡采用阻燃型電線和電纜,有條件時可采用耐火型電線和電纜,以確保配電線路的可靠性。 5 在防火設計規(guī)范《高規(guī)》和《低規(guī)》中有規(guī)定: ① 應急照明和疏散指示標志,可采用蓄電池作備用電源,且連續(xù)供電時間不應少于20min,高度超過 100m 的高層建筑連續(xù)供電時間不應少于 30min。專用集中應急電源供電又分為兩種類型,一種為集中或分區(qū)設置蓄電池組,另一種為后備交流應急電源,可由電網(wǎng)引來有效的獨立電源,柴油發(fā)電機組供電。中心變配電所設有蓄電池直流屏時,可利用它供給本所內(nèi)的備用照明。經(jīng)常處于后備狀態(tài)的機組,停電時自起動時間約需 15S,因此只能作為疏散照明和備用照明的應急 電源。 ( 1)來自電力網(wǎng)與正常電源分開的線路; ( 2)應急發(fā)電機組; ( 3)蓄電池組 包括集中設置的、分區(qū)設置的、應急燈內(nèi)自帶的蓄電池組三種形式; ( 4)同時具備以上三類電源中的兩種以至三種的組合。至今仍使用紅色是不正確的,必須改正。雙向有出口的指向標志,應使用雙向箭頭,而不能用奔跑的人。中國照明學會室內(nèi)照明委員會和北京市消防局編制的北京市地方標準 ——《應急燈安全技術要求及檢測方法》,對疏散標志的圖形、文字表示方法,作圖、書寫要求及尺寸,都作了規(guī)定。 逆變電路應保證一定的流明效率。 ”可以用作各類應急照明燈。象特別重要的公共建筑、通訊中心、廣播臺、電視臺、發(fā)電及配變電中心、交通樞紐等場所。 ( 2)、安全照明,不宜大于 。 高層公共建筑中的疏散走道和長度 20m 的內(nèi)走道。 應急時:在 20m 遠處能識別標志。 3 第 3 章 疏散照明的理解 根據(jù)《照標》的解釋:疏散照明作為應急照明的一部分,用以確保安全出口通道能被有效地辨認和應用,使人們安全撤離建筑物。 2 第 2 章 應急照明的種類 應急照明分為疏散照明和備用照明,國際照明委員會 CIE 出版物《建筑物內(nèi)的應急照明指南》以及我國的《照標》將應急照明分為疏散照明、安全照明和備用照明。由于近年來,火災的情況不斷發(fā)生,使設計工程師在觀念上,一提到應急照明就認為是火災狀態(tài)下的應急照明。 畢業(yè)設計(論文) 應急照明系統(tǒng)i 摘 要 本文較詳盡地討論了各規(guī)范和標準對應急照明的解釋,對疏散照明、安全照明、備用照明等應急照明的設計要求作了進一步的探討,并進行了歸納總結。實際上,《照標》所指應急照明的外延比火災應急照明要大,因為正常照明的電源發(fā)生故障應包括正常供電停電、或在發(fā)生火災、地震、防空等緊急情況下,正常電源的失能。有關其應急照明的內(nèi)容是一致的,區(qū)別在于是否將安全照明 獨立對待, IEC 標準將安全照明歸于備用照明,但在實際使用中,安全照明與備用照明在設置場所及處理方式上有不同,因此,將兩者區(qū)分開來較適宜。從使用功能角度看,我認為它可分為誘導指示標志照明和疏散一般照明。 觀眾廳、多功能廳、候車 (機 )大廳、醫(yī)院病房的樓梯口、疏散出口。 防煙樓梯間及其前室、消防電梯間及其前室。因涉及人身安全更為直接,要求較高,應急電源只能使用電網(wǎng)線路自動轉(zhuǎn)換或蓄電池。 5 第 4 章 安全照明的理解 《照標》對安全照明的解釋是:作為應急照明的一部分,用以確保處于潛在危險之中的人員安全。 6 蓄電池:要求使用全封閉、免維護、尺寸小的充電型電池,一般應使用鎘鎳電池,條件較優(yōu)越,但尺寸較大,壽命較短,但不應使用汽車蓄電池,更不允許用原電池。即從正常電源供電轉(zhuǎn)換到蓄電池供電后,光源輸出光通量的比例。 1990 年頒布后,統(tǒng)一了北京各生產(chǎn)廠的產(chǎn)品,其他省市的一些生產(chǎn)廠,也在按該標準生產(chǎn)。 疏散標志的尺寸:標志面板及圖形文字部分的尺寸,北京地方標志作了原則規(guī)定。綠色和白色符合《燈光信號顏色》( GB8417)的有關色度坐標規(guī)定。 來自電網(wǎng)的備用電源特點和應用這種形式應用普遍,轉(zhuǎn)換快,可靠,持續(xù)時間長。而不能單獨用于安全照明。 ( 2)組合電源的應用同時設置有兩種以至三種應急電源,當然可靠性更高,但投資更大,一般只在重要的公共建筑、高層建筑中采用。 目前我國一些規(guī)范中對上述應 急照明電源的應用范圍沒有作出具體規(guī)定,事實上,因為受應急照明電源轉(zhuǎn)換時間和供電時間的影響,在設計中采用以上兩種或三種電源的組合供電方式,會顯得更加合理、可靠。 ② 避難層應急照明供電時間不應少于 ?!睹褚?guī)》第 1 7 條規(guī)定: “備用照明應由兩路電源或兩回線路供電 ”,這比專用回路供電方案要嚴格?!痘馂淖詣訄缶到y(tǒng)設計規(guī)范》 (GBJ11688)第 6 條規(guī)定: “火災確認后,消防控制設備對聯(lián)動控制 對象應有下列功能:接通火災事故照明燈和疏散指示燈 ,切斷有關部位的非消防電源。 ( 4)重要的地下建筑,如地下鐵路車站及運行室、地下旅館、商場及娛樂所等。蓄電池在正常充放電條件下,使用壽命應不小于 45 年,或按全充放電循環(huán)考核,不少于 400 次。對于非持續(xù)運行應急燈,轉(zhuǎn)換到 蓄電池供電 5S 后的光通量要求不低于其額定光通量的 80%。有關其應急照明的內(nèi)容是一致的,區(qū)別在于是否將安全照明獨立對待, IEC 標準將安全照明歸于備用照明,但在實際使用中,安全照明與備用照明在設置場所及處理方式上有不同,因此,將兩者區(qū)分開來較適宜。從剛開始接受課題到完成論文,這期間凝結了各位老師的心血,許多時候你們不辭勞苦,陪著我們鉆研課題,講解難處,無半句怨言,在此我深深的感謝你們。d for an unconscionable time while he examined the baby in minutest detail. At last, however, he emerged, with an expressionless face. In the littleused sittingroom he sat down at the table and fussed for a while about getting a good point on his quill. At last he took a form from his pouch, and in a slow, deliberate hand wrote that he officially found the child to be a true female human being, free from any detectable form of deviation. He regarded that thoughtfully for some moments, as though not perfectly satisfied. He let his hand hesitate before he actually dated and signed it, then he sanded it carefully, and handed it to my enraged father, still with a faint air of uncertainty. He had, of course, no real doubt in his m ind, or he would have called for another opinion。 she did not have a somewhat dampin