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(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to anize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data。然而,一個重要的缺點是每個讀寫請求需要在網(wǎng)絡上傳播,在刷新文件時可能出現(xiàn)問題。當今的個人計算機,部門級計算機和分布式處理都需要計算機之間以 及應用程序之間在相等或?qū)Φ鹊幕A上相互通信,在數(shù)據(jù)庫中客戶機 /服務器模型為分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫提供了框架結構。它引起了人們的關注,因為選擇面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O計語言的開發(fā)人員希望有一個基于在對象模型基礎上的數(shù)據(jù)庫。鏈接到其他一系列子記錄。每個記錄包含了專用項目的字段值。 分層模型的開發(fā)是因為分層關系在商業(yè)應用中普遍存在,眾所周知,一個組織結構圖表就描述了一種分層關系:高層管理人員在最高層,中層管理人員在較低的層次,負責具體事務的雇員在最底層。在提高數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的價值和有效性方面正在展現(xiàn)以下一些重要發(fā)展趨勢; 人員需要最新的信息以做出有效的決策。處理與創(chuàng)建,訪問以及維護數(shù)據(jù)庫記錄有關的復雜任務的系統(tǒng)軟件包叫做數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)( DBMS)。 指導教師評語: 簽名: 2020 年 4 月 25 日 (用外文寫 ) 附件 1:外文資料翻譯譯文 數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的介紹 Raghu Ramakrishnan 數(shù)據(jù)庫( database,有時拼作 data base)又稱為電子數(shù)據(jù)庫,是專門組織起來的一組數(shù)據(jù)或信息,其目的是為了便于計算機快速查詢及檢索。數(shù)據(jù)庫用于描述實體,其中的一個字段通常表示與實體的某一屬性相關的 信息。這些問題最初可能是模糊的并且(或者)是定義不恰當?shù)?,但是人們可以瀏覽數(shù)據(jù)庫直到獲得所需的信息。 分層模型 第一個數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)使 用的是分層模型,也就是說,將數(shù)據(jù)記錄排列成樹形結構。由于數(shù)據(jù)并不總是遵循這種嚴格的分層關系,所以這樣可能會出現(xiàn)一些問題。 網(wǎng)狀模型 網(wǎng)狀模型在數(shù)據(jù)之間通過鏈接表結構創(chuàng)建關系,子記錄可以鏈接到多個父記錄。 對象模型 最新的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理方法是使用對象模型,記錄由被稱作對象的實體來描述,可以在對象中存儲數(shù)據(jù),同時提 供方法或程序執(zhí)行特定的任務。在理想情況下,大型主機上的數(shù)據(jù)庫看起來像是一個大的信息倉庫,而大部分處理則在個人計算機上完成。這是非常有用的,例如,如果文件 比較大而且需要快速訪問,在這種情況下,一臺微型計算機或大型主機將被用作文件服務器。例 如一個大公司不同部門之間的計算機,應該將數(shù)據(jù)存儲在本地,然而,當被授權的管理人員需要整理部門數(shù)據(jù)時,數(shù)據(jù)應該能夠被訪問。 they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their petitors. The Database Model A data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data. Hierarchical Model The first database management systems used a hierarchical modelthat isthey arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on. The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are monly found in business applications. As you have known, an anization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this onetomany relationship among data. In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy. Relational Model A major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally di