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(the actual construction works by 2 176。 The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass. ( 3) . In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to bee a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration. ( 4) . Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the daytoday. 河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 15 ( 5) . To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the followup to load, use posite lining. ( 6) . Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security. NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight. 3. With a spring to understand the principle NATM ( 1) . Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress selfrespect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under pression in a state of equilibrium. ( 2) . Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium. ( 3) . By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium。 那么,什么是新奧法概念的內涵?有人歸結為 22 條,有人歸結為 7條。 對于“新奧法”一詞的內涵,人們的認識有一個發(fā)展的過程。同國際上的情況一樣,為了解決長期以來困擾著人們的粉塵污染環(huán)境,回彈嚴重以及混凝土品質的不均勻性等問題,正在大力推行濕噴工藝。在中國,這種方法稱之為“淺埋礦山法”。 河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 10 Ⅳ .工程實例 新奧法的引進是從錨桿和噴混凝土一類“主動型”的新型支護技術的推廣使用開始的。按設計尺寸要求挖端墻基礎。虛高可高出 10%,使震實后的面層標高與設計相符。 50CM),固定牢固不得晃動,有管的必須中間穿鐵絲通過。水泥漿與水玻璃體積比 1: ;水泥漿水灰比 1:1;水玻璃濃度 35波美度;水玻璃模數(shù) ;注漿壓力初壓 ~;終壓。 河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 7 截水溝施工: 在距仰坡坡口 5 米處開挖截水溝,截水溝開挖以機械為主,人工配 合修整,修整完后,立即砌筑 漿砌片石,并用砂漿抹面。 單側臂導坑法:圍巖穩(wěn)定性較差,隧道跨度較大,地面沉陷難以控制時采用此方法。 (三)分部開挖法。 超短臺階法:上臺階僅超 前 3- 5m,斷面閉合較快。因此要求進行精心的鉆爆設計和嚴格控制爆破作業(yè)。 (一)全斷面法。 3.隧道結構體系 =圍巖 +支護體系。 2.洞室開挖后, A點在臨空面失去約束,原始應力狀態(tài)要調整,如果圍巖的強度足夠大,那么經過應力調整,洞室可處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)(不需支護)。 3.為了改善支護結構的受力性能,施工中應盡快閉合,而成為封閉的筒形結構。但在公路部門新奧法的應用僅為50%左右。由于有此區(qū)別,因而兩種理論體系在過程和方法上各自表現(xiàn)出不同的特點。這樣,作用在支護結構上的荷載就是圍巖在一定范圍內由于松弛并可能塌落的巖體重力。河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 1 附錄: 中英文對照 新奧法設計原理在隧道施工中的應用及主要施工工藝 Ⅰ、新奧法的設計原理 一、隧道設計施工的兩大理論及其發(fā)展過程 二十世紀以來,人類對地下空間的需求越來越多,因而對地下工程的研究有了一個突飛猛進的發(fā)展。這是一種傳統(tǒng)的理論,其代表人物有泰沙基和普氏等人。新奧法是巖承理論在隧道工程實踐中的代表方法。目前新奧法幾乎成為在軟弱破碎圍巖地段修建隧道的一種 基本方法,技術經濟效益是明顯的。另外,隧道斷面形狀應盡可能圓順,以避免拐角處的應力集中。然而大多數(shù)的地質情況是較差的,即洞室經過應力調整后,如不支護,就會產生收斂變形,甚至失穩(wěn)(塌方),所以必須提供支護力 PE,才能防 止塌方失穩(wěn)。 Ⅱ、 新奧法 在公路施工中的基本方法 新奧法的特征之一是采用現(xiàn)場監(jiān)控,量測信息指導施工,即通過對隧道施工中量測收據(jù)和對開挖面的地質觀察等進行預測、預報和反饋。即全斷面開挖法,是指按設計開挖面一次開挖成型。 全斷面開挖法的主要工序是:使用移動式臺車(或者臺架),首先全斷面一次鉆孔,并進行裝荷連線,然后將鉆孔臺車后退到 50m 以外的安全地點,再起爆,使一次爆破成型,出渣后鉆孔臺車再推移至開挖面就位,開始下一個鉆爆作業(yè)循環(huán),同時進行錨噴支護或先墻拱后襯砌。此法多用于機械化程度不高的各類圍巖地段,當遇到軟弱圍攻巖時需慎重考慮,必要時應采用輔助施工措施穩(wěn)定開挖工作面,以確保施工安全。分部開挖法可分為五種變化方 案:臺階分部開挖法、上下導坑法、上導坑超前開挖法、單(雙)側壁導坑法。其特點是:有正臺階法和雙臂導坑法的優(yōu)點。 二、輔助施工: 長管棚: 套拱施工:施工放樣,模板安裝、鋼筋綁扎、導向管放樣, 127 導向管安裝,砼澆注。 河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 8 小導管 A 超前小導管采用外徑 42 ㎜、壁厚 ㎜的熱扎無縫鋼管,鋼管前端呈尖錐狀,尾部焊上¢ 6 加勁箍,管壁四周鉆 8 ㎜壓漿孔,但尾部有 1 米不設壓漿孔,超前小導管施工時 ,鋼管與襯砌中心線平行以 10176。 四、調平層施工 模板安裝的要求,在調平層兩側預先標定的位置上安裝模板。砼震搗時靠近邊角等處用插入式震搗器順序震搗;用平板式震搗器縱橫交錯全面震搗,每個位置的搗時間以砼不再下沉,不再冒出大量氣泡,并以在表面出現(xiàn)水泥砂漿為準,一般不少于 15s,亦不宜過長;然后用震搗梁沿縱向震搗拖平,多余的砼隨著震搗梁的拖移被刮去,低陷處則應隨時找平震實;最后用直徑 75~100mm 的無縫鋼管滾壓,作進一河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 9 步整平。砌筑 漿砌片石。很快地,中國的隧道工程師就不但在實質上而且在名詞上接受了新奧法。 繼復興門折返線隧道以后,同樣在礫夾卵石的沖積層中又用淺埋礦山法修建了跨度為 的西單地鐵車站。最近由鐵道科學研究院西南分院開發(fā)了河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 11 一種“轉子 — 活塞”型的新型噴射機,這種機型采用濕噴工藝,即往機器中加入按配合比制備好的成品混凝土拌和料,但物料輸送 又區(qū)別于一般的泵送式濕噴機,采用稀薄流輸送方式。誠如它的名詞本身 — New Austrian Tunnelling Method 所表述的那樣,新奧法的創(chuàng)始人最初是將它作為一種同新型支護相關的隧道修建方法提出來的。其實,只有一條,那就是保護圍巖,調動和發(fā)揮圍巖的自承能力。 Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+Ku Discussion : (1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic。), the direction parallel with the Central Line。 N Inclination : Elevation 1 176。s and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to. 河南理工大學本科設計畢業(yè)論文 13 Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or rock for the theory. Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own selfstability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, MillerFeiqieer, Fenner Daluobo and Kashitenai others. Thi