軟件和軟件工程(文獻翻譯-免費閱讀
【正文】 data access put heavy demands on software developers. The third era has also been characterized by the advent and widespread use of microprocessors, personal puters, and powerful desktop workstations. The microprocessor has spawned a wide array of intelligent productsfrom automobiles to microwave ovens, from industrial robots to blood serum diagnostic equipment. In many cases, software technology is being integrated into products by technical staff who understand hardware but are often novices in software development. The personal puter has been the catalyst for the growth of many software panies. While the software panies of the second era sold hundreds or thousands of copies of their programs, the software panies of the third era sell tens and even hundreds of thousands of copies. Personal puter hardware is rapidly being a modity, while software provides the differentiating characteristic. In fact, as the rate of personal puter sales growth flattened during the mid1980s, softwareproduct sales continued to grow. Many people in industry and at home spent more money on software than they did to purchase the puter on which the software would run. The fourth era in puter software is just beginning. Objectoriented technologies are rapidly displacing more conventional software development approaches in many application areas. Authors such as Feigenbaum and McCorduck [FEI83] and Allman [ALL89] predict that fifthgeneration puters, radically different puting architectures, and their related software will have a profound impact on the balance of political and industrial power throughout the world. Already, fourthgeneration techniques for software development (discussed later in this chapter) are changing the manner in which some segments of the software munity build puter programs. Expert systems and artificial intelligence software has finally moved from the laboratory into practical application for wideranging problems in the real world. Artificial neural work software has opened exciting possibilities for pattern recognition and humanlike information processing abilities. As we move into the fourth era, the problems associated with puter software continue to intensify: 1. Hardware sophistication has outpaced our ability to build software to tap hardware39。 在早期，編程被觀看者作為 “藝術(shù)形式 ”欣賞，有少部分正常使用的方法但是也只有很少人使用了他們。 這些問題的提出，在軟件生產(chǎn)過程中被重視和解決。面向?qū)ο蟮募夹g(shù)在許多應(yīng)用范圍迅速地發(fā)展并偏向更加常規(guī)的軟件開發(fā)方法。 微處理器產(chǎn)生的大多是智能產(chǎn)品，比如從汽車到微波爐，從產(chǎn)業(yè)機器人到醫(yī)療血清診斷設(shè)備。猶如一片烏云出現(xiàn)在天際，所有程序中在應(yīng)用中產(chǎn)生的缺點都被查出并且按照用戶要求修改，或為是兼容新硬件而做出改變，這些活動都叫做軟件維護。這就是數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的第一代。 雖然很多人學(xué)會了以計算機為主的系統(tǒng)的實施，但卻很少學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于計算機系統(tǒng)工程。甚至在很大程度上，硬件是執(zhí)行一個專用執(zhí)行文件程序的專用物件。有的提出 “ 電子社區(qū) ” 將成為網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作的又一創(chuàng)新以及軟件可能是世界上相互交換知識的鑰匙。 現(xiàn)代硬件的的處理能力、貯藏能力以及計算的潛力令人敬畏。無論是經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)還是控制一個產(chǎn)品流程，或使系統(tǒng)運行，軟件是都是重要的基礎(chǔ)因素之一。英文譯文 軟件和軟件工程 —— 軟件的出現(xiàn)及列舉 羅杰 在二十世紀八十年代初期，在商業(yè)周刊雜志的圖條出現(xiàn)了 “ 軟件，我們新的驅(qū)動力！ ” 的標語。信息的完整性和實時性由一個公司的不同的競爭者的不同軟件 (和相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)庫 ) 提供。軟件正是我們利用好輕這潛力的有效工具。 九十年代初，有的科學(xué)家認為一個力量變速器在過去的很多領(lǐng)域（政府，教育、工業(yè)、經(jīng)濟、軍事）中有很重要的作用，作為 計算機以及軟件會成為知識共享的很好工具。通用硬件變得普遍。但是 , 我們必須承認，開發(fā)系統(tǒng)在這個以計算機為主時代是有許多卓著之處的。 第二個時代是軟件公司的出現(xiàn)并且描繪產(chǎn)品軟件的用途。在軟件維護上工作人員花費了很多的功夫，然而軟件中出現(xiàn)的問題還是防不勝防。在許多情況下，軟件技術(shù)是結(jié)合硬件的產(chǎn)品進行技術(shù)
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