【正文】 s paintings in the 1930s. 6 Listening Everything you just read about Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a “White Bon” is true. And yet, after a thorough reexamination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that’s indeed a work by Rembrandt. And here’s why. First, the fur collar. Xrays and the analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn’t part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about 100 years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a former portrayed of an aristocratic lady. Second, the supposed air with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur collar was removed, the original painting could be seen. In the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of lightcolored cloth. The lightcolored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates parts of the woman’s face. That’s why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic, just what we’d expect from Rembrandt. Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued that size and tap to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original paintings actually painted on the single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that piece wood of the original form of Portrait of an Elderly Woman in the wide Rembrandt is from the very same tree, as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt. He is selfportrait with the hat. 7 Integrated writing 4—Dinosaurs Reading Endotherms are animals such as birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37186。 it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to bee very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. 5 Integrated writing 3—Rembrandt Reading Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenthcentury Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman39。s side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canal in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals. 8 Listening Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don’t think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms. Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regions were cold, the socalled polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in Polar Regions doesn’t prove the dinosaurs were endotherms. Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesn’t necessarily mean dinosaurs were highenergy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don’t need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies. Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that’s true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren’t rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature yearround as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment bees cool. 9 Integrated writing 5—Chaco houses Reading As early as the twelfth century ., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the Am