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在美語(yǔ)中,father 表示距離,further表示進(jìn)一步。比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters. 可修飾比較級(jí)的詞 1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。構(gòu)成法原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加er,esttall(高的) great(巨大的)tallergreatertallestgreatest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以 le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加r,stnice(好的)large(大的)able(有能力的)nicerlargerablernicestlargestablest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾的輔音字母,再加er,estbig(大的)hot (熱的)biggerhotterbiggesthottest以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,改y為i,再加er,esteasy(容易的)busy(忙的)easierbusiereasiest busiest少數(shù)以er,ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加er,estclever(聰明的)narrow(窄的)cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more,most來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表:限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+those + three + beautiful + large + square新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞old + brown + wood + table 副詞及其基本用法 副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò)) She sang lovely.(錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly.(對(duì)) Her singing was lovely.(對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。2)敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),所以又稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞。 b. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ the size (amount,length…) of…The earth is 49 times the size of the 。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)標(biāo)語(yǔ)為形容詞修飾的名詞時(shí),不定冠詞放形容詞后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見(jiàn)到蛇還是發(fā)抖。9)當(dāng)by 與火車(chē)等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時(shí),中間無(wú)冠詞;by bus,by train; 10)有些個(gè)體名詞不用冠詞;如:school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等個(gè)體名詞,直接置于介詞后,表示該名詞的深層含義;go to hospital去醫(yī)院看病go to the hospital去醫(yī)院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠詞的序數(shù)詞;a. 序數(shù)詞前有物主代詞 b. 序數(shù)詞作副詞He came first in the race.c. 在固定詞組中at (the) first, first of all,from first to last 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu) 1) 兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個(gè)不同東西。s Republic of China中華人民共和國(guó)the United States美國(guó)9)用在表示樂(lè)器的名詞之前:She plays the 。the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類(lèi)人:the rich 富人。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一類(lèi)人或物。There is little time 。跟單數(shù)名詞,用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。There are flowers on both sides of the street.(兩岸)There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的兩邊)路邊長(zhǎng)滿(mǎn)了野花。 both, either, neither,... 這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。2)every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物(含三個(gè)),each指兩個(gè)以上的人或物 (含兩個(gè))。... 1.a(chǎn)nyone 和 any one anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。 2) 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物),一個(gè)用one,另一個(gè)用the other。t find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。當(dāng)句中含有任何的意思時(shí),any可用于肯定句。A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。t sing,nor dance,nor skate. none, few, some, any,... 一、 none 無(wú)1) none作主語(yǔ),多與of 構(gòu)成短語(yǔ) none of。其謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如:不說(shuō) all the book,而說(shuō) the whole book。s changed. He39。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。( that作主語(yǔ),指人) (對(duì))He is going to marry this 。s notes.學(xué)生們互借筆記。2) 相互代詞的句法功能:a. 作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ);People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛(ài)。4) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語(yǔ)用反身代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格均可。公式為:a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。s cap意為 The cap is Jack39。it IYou, he and I should return on time.2) 復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋旱谝蝗朔Q(chēng) - 第二人稱(chēng) - 第三人稱(chēng)we-you -They注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱(chēng)放在前面。(主格主格)I thought it to be her.(賓格賓格)I was taken to be 。,常用賓格代替主格。(her做賓 語(yǔ),them做介詞賓語(yǔ),her作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)) a. Who broke the vase?誰(shuí)打碎了花瓶? b. 。s room(兩間)John and Mary39。4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber39。s,如the boy39。 如:sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students readingroom 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。 (可數(shù))b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類(lèi)時(shí),名詞可數(shù)。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。如:a dollar, two dollars。集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family。物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air。a meter, two meters3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting storybook. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))We need various steels.(可數(shù))c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí),可數(shù)。 如:men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞,作定語(yǔ)時(shí),s保留。s bag 男孩的書(shū)包,men39。s 理發(fā)店。s room(一間)6) 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ),39。(me作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)= It39。 但如果比較狀語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)保留,則主語(yǔ)只能用主格。(主格主格)They took me to be 。a. 在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí), It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。s.His cap 意為 The cap is his.2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能a. 作主語(yǔ),例如:May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。如:a friend of mine.each brother of his. 反身代詞 1) 列表 Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself2)做賓語(yǔ)a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last 。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意: a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。b. 可作介詞賓語(yǔ);Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each 、雞鳴、蛙兒對(duì)唱。 指示代詞 1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:?jiǎn)螖?shù)復(fù)數(shù)限定詞:This girl is men are myteachers.代詞:This is Mary. Those are myteachers.2) 指示代詞的句法功能;a. 作主語(yǔ)This is the way to do it.這事兒就該這樣做。(this作限定詞)(錯(cuò))He is going to marry this.(this作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人)(對(duì))I bought 。試比較:疑問(wèn)代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美國(guó)的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個(gè)方向的?限定詞:Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River being part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國(guó)?說(shuō)明1: 無(wú)論是做疑問(wèn)代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。)2) 關(guān)系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。s not the man he was. 他變化很大,已不是過(guò)去的他了。 但all可與表時(shí)間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如 all da