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腸外腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)臨床指南匯總-免費(fèi)閱讀

  

【正文】 (A)5. 急性重癥胰腺炎患者,先考慮經(jīng)腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(A)。約5%~15%的胰腺炎可發(fā)展至壞死性胰腺炎,出現(xiàn)各種并發(fā)癥,病死率約5%~20%。但如果患者無(wú)法耐受EN支持,出現(xiàn)腹痛加劇,造瘺口引流量增多等臨床表現(xiàn)時(shí),應(yīng)停用EN,改為PN 。檢索發(fā)現(xiàn),目前缺乏比較輕癥胰腺炎患者在發(fā)病早期禁食和不禁食兩種療法對(duì)臨床結(jié)局的影響的RCT文獻(xiàn)。這些患者不易出現(xiàn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,病程5d~7 d后已可進(jìn)食。25(1):329.2. 燒傷治療學(xué)(第二版).1995. 4653. 郭振榮,盛志勇 燒傷學(xué)臨床新視野——燒傷休克、感染、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、修復(fù)與整復(fù). 北京. 清華大學(xué)出版社. 2005.4. Cunningham JJ, Hegarty MT, Meara PA, Burke JF. :Measured and predicted calorie requirements of adults during recovery from severe burn trauma. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Mar。(D)5. 燒傷創(chuàng)面愈合需要蛋白質(zhì),嚴(yán)重?zé)齻麆?chuàng)面愈合前,可給予蛋白質(zhì)2g/,靜脈輸注葡萄糖速度不超過(guò)5mg/。手術(shù)中腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)(十二指腸)是安全有效的[12]。燒傷早期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)短肽制劑應(yīng)用更有利腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的實(shí)施[9]。因?yàn)闊齻麆?chuàng)面在不斷變化之中,應(yīng)該根據(jù)間接測(cè)熱法每周12次測(cè)定病人的熱能需量來(lái)決定能量需要量[4]。二、證據(jù)燒傷營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持適應(yīng)證、方案和監(jiān)測(cè)創(chuàng)傷病人營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持實(shí)用處理指南[2]指出:燒傷面積超過(guò)20%~30%的病人可以用任何可利用的公式估計(jì)最初的能量需求(Ⅱ),但查閱不到該推薦的原始論文。 NGC:002187);(3)American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: parenteral nutrition. (American Gastroenterological Association Institute Medical Specialty Society.因此,臨床上營(yíng)養(yǎng)(代謝)支持已成為燒傷治療重要的組成部分,并獲得共識(shí)。30:14368. 39. Taylor SJ,Fettes SB,Jewkes C,Nelson ,raqndomized, controlled trial to determine the effect of early enhanced enteral nutrition on clinical oute in mechanically ventilated patients suffering head Care Med 1999。 121: 970–1001.31. Boivin MA,Levy H. Gastric feeding with erythromycin is equivalent to transpyloric feeding in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2001。14:423408. Zaloga enteral nutritional support improves oute: hypothesis or fact? Crit Care Med 1999。(A)5. 經(jīng)胃腸道不能達(dá)到營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量的危重病患者,應(yīng)考慮PN支持,或腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。危重病的初期營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持的熱量供應(yīng)以20~25kcal/,在合成代謝的恢復(fù)期供應(yīng)25~30kcal/ 。那些符合存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者接受靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)可能有益。因此,連續(xù)5d~7d無(wú)法經(jīng)口攝食達(dá)到營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量的危重病患者,應(yīng)當(dāng)給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持[13]。而營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持不是急診治療,必須在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定(包括藥物等治療措施控制下)的情況下才能進(jìn)行。137(2): 174–80.52. Gianotti L, Braga M, Nespoli L, Radaelli G, Beneduce A, Di Carlo V. A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral supplementation with a specialized diet in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 2002。23(4):652–9.44. Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O, Liotta S, Di CV. Feeding the gut early after digestive surgery: results of a nineyear experience. Clin Nutr 2002。17(1):13–7.36. Sarr MG. Appropriate use, plications and advantages demonstrated in 500 consecutive needle catheter jejunostomies. Br J Surg 1999。16(2):59–64.28. Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O, Parisi V, Salis C, Di CV. Early postoperative enteral nutrition improves gut oxygenation and reduces costs pared with total parenteral nutrition. Crit Care Med 2001。62(3):167–70.20. Reissman P, Teoh TA, Cohen SM, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 1995。17(Suppl. 1):3–4.12. Soop M, Nygren J, Thorell A, et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates endogenous glucose release 3 days after surgery. Clin Nutr 2004。19(5):419–25.2. Durkin MT, Mercer KG, McNulty MF, et al. Vascular surgical society of great Britain and Ireland: contribution of malnutrition to postoperative morbidity in vascular surgical patients. Br J Surg 1999。(A)10. 由于腸道耐受力有限,管飼腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)推薦采用輸注泵以較低的滴速(1020ml/h)開始,可能需要57天才能達(dá)到目標(biāo)攝入量。沒有特殊的誤吸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及胃癱的手術(shù)患者,建議僅需麻醉前2小時(shí)禁水,6小時(shí)禁食。但對(duì)于有全身性感染、危重癥患者,含有精氨酸的“免疫腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)”可能反而導(dǎo)致死亡率增加[53]。管飼營(yíng)養(yǎng)的適應(yīng)癥與方法頭頸部及腹部惡性腫瘤的患者術(shù)前營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良較常見,其術(shù)后感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,術(shù)后由于吻合口水腫、梗阻或胃排空障礙等常導(dǎo)致延遲經(jīng)口進(jìn)食,這些患者應(yīng)考慮應(yīng)用管飼喂養(yǎng),在術(shù)后24小時(shí)內(nèi)就可進(jìn)行管飼營(yíng)養(yǎng)[31-35]。圍手術(shù)期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持的適應(yīng)癥與禁忌癥營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)篩查同圍手術(shù)期腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持。二、證據(jù)有關(guān)術(shù)前禁食及術(shù)后飲食恢復(fù)時(shí)間術(shù)前10-12小時(shí)禁食,這一傳統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)備措施可使患者過(guò)早進(jìn)入分解代謝狀態(tài),不利于患者術(shù)后康復(fù)。有證據(jù)表明術(shù)前2h~3h進(jìn)食流食并不增加反流與誤吸的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此,許多國(guó)家的麻醉學(xué)會(huì)已將擇期手術(shù)患者術(shù)前禁食時(shí)間改為6小時(shí),而術(shù)前禁水只需2小時(shí)[5-8]。存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的大手術(shù)患者,術(shù)前10~14d的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持能降低手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[22-25]。腹部大手術(shù)患者術(shù)中置經(jīng)皮空腸穿刺放置喂養(yǎng)管是安全的[36-38];胰十二指腸切除術(shù)患者置鼻空腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)管也是安全的[39]。三、推薦意見1. 無(wú)胃癱的擇期手術(shù)患者不常規(guī)推薦在進(jìn)行術(shù)前12小時(shí)禁食。(A)7. 手術(shù)后應(yīng)盡早開始正常食物攝入或腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。(D)11. 對(duì)圍手術(shù)期接受了營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持的患者,在住院期間常規(guī)進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)的再評(píng)估,如果需要的話,出院后繼續(xù)營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持。86(5):702.3. Pikul J, Sharpe MD, Lowndes R, Ghent CN. Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994。23(4): 733–41.13. Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Hansen HV, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003。222(1):73–7.21. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, Thomas S. Early enteral feeding versus ‘‘nil by mouth’’ after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and metaanalysis of controlled trials. BMJ 2001。29(2):242–8.29. Braunschweig CL, Levy P, Sheean PM, Wang X. Enteral pared with parenteral nutrition: a metaanalysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2001。86(4):557–61.37. Biffi R, Lotti M, Cenciarelli S, et al. Complications and longterm oute of 80 oncology patients undergoing needle catheter jejunostomy placement for early postoperative enteral feeding. Clin Nutr 2000。21(1):59–65.45. Bower RH, Talamini MA, Sax HC, Hamilton F, Fischer JE. Postoperative enteral vs. parenteral nutrition. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 1986。 122(7):1763–70.53. 江華,蔣朱明,羅斌,等. 免疫腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)用于臨床營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持的證據(jù):中英文文獻(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià). 中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002,24:552558第四節(jié) 危重病一、背景許多危重疾病患者存在明顯的應(yīng)激過(guò)程,在創(chuàng)傷后最初階段以代謝減少為特征的“退潮期”后,分解代謝激素(胰高血糖素、兒茶酚胺和腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素)分泌增加,出現(xiàn)胰島素抵抗以及細(xì)胞因子、氧自由基、以及其他局部介質(zhì)增加等。2002年,Kondrup等的Meta分析表明,常見重癥如大手術(shù)后、重癥急性胰腺炎、重度創(chuàng)傷、APACHE II10的住院患者即存在重度營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1]。而一旦早期EN不能改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,即可于3d~5d起添加PN[14]。EN不充分并存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者需要PN支持[29]。對(duì)于病程較長(zhǎng)、合并感染和創(chuàng)傷的危重病患者,在應(yīng)激與代謝狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定后能量補(bǔ)充需要適當(dāng)?shù)脑黾?,目?biāo)喂養(yǎng)可達(dá)30~35 kcal/,否則將難以糾正患者的低蛋白血癥[44,45]。(B)。27:25961[editorial。29:19169. 32. Day L, Stotts NA, Frankfurt A, et al. Gastric versus duodenal feeding in patients with neurological disease:a pilot study. J Neurosci Nurs 2001。27:252531. 40. Rubinson, L, Diette, GB, Song X, et al. Low Caloric Intake is Associated With Nosoial Bloodstream Infections in Patients in the Medical Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Med, 2004,32:3507. 41. Berne JD,Norwood SH,McAuley CE,et reduces delayed gastric emptying in critically ill trauma patients:a randomized,controlled Trauma 2002。燒傷是外科和創(chuàng)傷的一部分,一級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)主要來(lái)源于Medline有關(guān)燒傷和營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。 2001 May 18.同時(shí)指出Curreri 公式(25 kcal/kg + 40 kcal/TBSA) 過(guò)
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