【正文】 小水電除了具有大水電的不污染大氣、使用可再生能源而無能源枯竭之慮、成本低廉等優(yōu)點外涸其資源分散，對生態(tài)環(huán)境負(fù)影響小，技術(shù)成熟，投資少，易于修建，因而適宜于農(nóng)村和山區(qū)，特別是發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)村和 山區(qū)。但是云南省的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)相對落后，水電資源主要位于交不便的崇山峻嶺之中，開發(fā)難度較大。 三，在技術(shù)上，由于水電的調(diào)峰或甩負(fù)荷相當(dāng)容易，甚至幾分鐘即可完成大型水電機(jī)組的起動、并網(wǎng)發(fā)電或停車，而同級容量的火電機(jī)組則可能需要幾十個小時來完成起動或停車。我國水利部和電力部分別管理水利和電力，而水力發(fā)電是水利和電力的綜合工程，但是電力部及其下屬電力局的整個生產(chǎn)和調(diào)度系統(tǒng)的人員卻都來自火電系統(tǒng)，電力行業(yè)從本質(zhì)上說還是高度壟斷行業(yè)，單一企業(yè)全面控制著電力調(diào)度、電量分配、電力銷售、電費(fèi)結(jié)算等權(quán)力。 河北潘家口的混合式抽水蓄能電站，裝有 1臺 15萬 kw常規(guī)水輪發(fā)電機(jī)組，還有 3臺抽水蓄能機(jī)組，每臺 9萬 kw，合計裝機(jī)容量 42萬 kw。 70年代初第一座裝機(jī)容量超過 1000 MW的劉家峽水電站投產(chǎn)。 由于氣候和地形地勢等因素的影響，我國的水能資源在不同地區(qū)和不同流域的分布很不均勻；此外我國水能資源的突出特點是河流的河道陡峻，落差巨大，發(fā)源于 “世界屋脊 ”青藏高原的大河流長江、黃河、雅魯藏布江、瀾滄江、怒江等，天然落差都高達(dá) 5000 m左右，形成了一系列世界上落差最大的河流，這是其他國家所沒有的。 其次，發(fā)展水電也是環(huán)境保護(hù)的需要。水電在我國的興起是有其深刻的背景的。s power structure, lay the West, the East lost the general pattern of nationwide The energy balance and optimize the allocation. continue to attach importance to the development of small hydropower China39。s six major river systems, in western China is the most potential for hydropower development of the main provinces. However, Yunnan Province39。s electricity market situation has undergone fundamental changes from the previous power and capacity of the double vacancy into a relative surplus of electricity and peak shaving a serious shortage of capacity, to the development of hydropower A good opportunity. general principle Now and in the future some time, China39。s highest Pumped Storage Power Station Yangzhuoyong Lake pumpedstorage power station. Pumped Storage Power Station is also available in other Baoquan pumped storage power plant in Henan, Anhui Langyashan Pumped Storage Power Station, Shandong Taian Pumped Storage Power Station, Tongbai Pumped Storage Power Station in Zhejiang, Yixing in Jiangsu Pumped Storage Power Station, Hebei Zhang Nihewan Pumped Storage Power Station. 3 China39。s hydropower resources can be in the development process in light of local conditions, reasonably full use of hydropower resources. 2 status quo of China39。s hydropower resources China39。 外文資料 China39。s many rivers, rich runoff, huge gap, contains abundant hydropower resources. According to statistics, China39。s hydropower development A century, particularly since 1949, after several generations of hydropower builders of hard work, China39。s hydropower development problems facing the China39。s hydropower development should be the main priority and good regulation of hydropower stations and power industry from all socio economic development point of view and consider prehensive study on hydropower development and strength and to prevent waste。s industrial base is relatively backward, electricity and water resources are mainly located in the inconvenience of cross mountains, the development more difficult. With the great western development strategy for the implementation of the West, East project will lose the activation of the rich hydropower resources, and promote the cause of China39。s small hydropower resources are very rich reserves of around 150 million kw, to develop capacity is about more than 70 million kw, in the corresponding generation of about 200 billion 250 billion kwh. Small Hydropower in addition to largesized hydropower is not the atmospheric pollution, the use of renewable energy without the worry of energy depletion, lowcost advantages of its resources, He scattered on the negative impact on the ecological environment, the technology is mature, less investment, easy to build, Therefore suitable for the rural and mountainous areas, especially rural and mountainous areas in developing countries. China, as developing countries, small hydropower construction has made great achievements, to the end of 1997, China39。 首先，我國有大規(guī)模利用水能資源的條件和必要性。常規(guī)發(fā)電方式，煤的燃燒過程中排放出大量的有害物質(zhì)使大氣環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染，引發(fā)酸雨和 “溫室效應(yīng) ”等多方面的環(huán)境問題。充分了解我國水能資源的特點，才能在開發(fā)過程中因地制宜，合理地充分地利用水能資源。 80年代容量 2715 MW的葛洲壩水電站建 成，之后一系列大水電站相繼建設(shè)，容量 18200MW的三峽工程也于 1994年正式開工；到 2021年底，全國規(guī)模超過 1000 MW已建和在建的大水電站（不包括蓄能電站）已有 18座。 此外，我國 在西藏還建設(shè)了世界上海拔最高的抽水蓄能電站羊卓雍湖抽水蓄能電站。同時電力市場在電力相對過剩時期水電、火電間的矛盾十分尖銳，在我國目前的情況下，優(yōu)先利用水電資源無法得到保證，大量的水電資源被白白浪費(fèi)。因此在大電網(wǎng)調(diào)度上，往往用水電機(jī)組做調(diào)峰或備用機(jī)組，在水量充足時以泄洪代發(fā)電，卻不重視其在常規(guī)時期的發(fā)電應(yīng)用，造成水電的巨大浪費(fèi)。隨著西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的實施，西電東輸工程必將激活西部豐富的水力資源，促進(jìn)我國水電事業(yè)的發(fā)展。 我