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規(guī)劃專業(yè)外文翻譯資料----華盛頓1901年規(guī)劃-免費(fèi)閱讀

  

【正文】 它也提供了一個(gè)值得公民和民族自豪的焦點(diǎn),從而在改善城市,民族,經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)問(wèn)題上提供了某種神奇的力量。他著名的紐約中央公園規(guī)劃被設(shè)想為各經(jīng)濟(jì)階層都可以放松進(jìn)入的地方,“一個(gè)有利于身心健康的場(chǎng)所” (威爾遜 , 31)而不是一個(gè)使城市居民(大多是勞動(dòng)階層或窮人)充滿強(qiáng)烈的公民 /國(guó)家唯心精神,并激勵(lì)自 己擯棄道德敗壞,獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)上的成功的地方。而政府和官僚機(jī)構(gòu)越來(lái)越多的權(quán)力也需要古典形式和共和黨的典故的合法性。在美國(guó),對(duì)于經(jīng)典建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的借鑒與應(yīng)用,更 是眾所周知,在 19 世紀(jì) 40 年代晚期,和維多利亞折衷主義和簡(jiǎn)樸芝加哥學(xué)派的功能主義前期這種借鑒繁榮一時(shí)。直觀上把美國(guó)首都與歐洲國(guó)家的首都等同,創(chuàng)造了這個(gè)國(guó)家那個(gè)時(shí)代的社會(huì)和文化一時(shí)的興盛。安置林肯紀(jì)念碑(一個(gè)引起激烈辯論的場(chǎng)所,在眾議院議會(huì)時(shí),來(lái)自伊利諾州的代表,將其稱為“該死的沼澤” )用來(lái) 把廣場(chǎng)圍封,創(chuàng)造了“不朽的核心”,一個(gè)國(guó)家的市民中心。它不僅表明了委員會(huì)對(duì)對(duì)稱,和諧以及建筑群(而不是個(gè)別建筑物)的熱衷,而且也顯示了其權(quán)力。 規(guī)劃本身是對(duì) 埃爾芬 規(guī)劃的改造,創(chuàng)造了“不朽的核心”,一個(gè)巨大的公共廣場(chǎng),以及一系列的公共花園。他們通過(guò)古典藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的宏大形式共同探求首都的振興。 with the new plan it “was reconceived as a new kind of governmental plex, a bined civic and cultural center that is at once a national front lawn and an imperial forum. This long, wide swath of open space–something between a park and a boulevard–and the buildings along its edges have long served, in effect, as a sacred enclosure, a tenemos for a democracy.” (Stern, 263) The growing power of the government and its bureaucracy needed the kind of legitimacy that classic forms and Republican allusions provided. Yet the monumental core was not the only part of the city the 1901 Plan addressed. The 1901 Plan was the first real expression of the City Beautiful movement in America, believing in the power of beauty in the urban center to not only increase business and property prices, but to induce civic pride and its attendant moral and economic reforms. The Plan did not explicitly address the problems of the overcrowded and impoverished tenements and alleys surrounding the monumental core。 architect Charles McKim, of McKim, Mead, amp。 to establish themselves as cultural and societal leaders in the rapidly growing professional class。 皮埃爾 “他們的朝圣旅程,他們的詳盡的旅行計(jì)劃,反映了他們對(duì)城市美化的崇 敬,對(duì)舊世界文化的心態(tài),?? ”( 漢斯, 87)。襯托廣場(chǎng)兩側(cè)的都將是重大的文化和教育大廈。“ 艾爾伯特 建議,在西部建立另一座紀(jì)念碑,以糾正從白宮偏離中心的南北軸線。這種來(lái)自偉大的歐洲城市的視線借鑒,并不是一種偶然。 不過(guò),委員會(huì)在其 1901 年的規(guī)劃中不單純只是采用了歐洲的形式。借助這一良好的神話,這個(gè)廣場(chǎng),變成目前的“市民權(quán)力和國(guó)民政府的象征”( 古特海姆 , 43)。( 古特海姆 , 43) 。正如 諾爾瑪 埃文森 在她的文章“不朽的空間”中描述的:“作為一個(gè)被規(guī)劃的城市,華盛頓為建立大規(guī)模的市區(qū)統(tǒng)一體提供了機(jī)遇:軸線上的政府綜合體和諧地體現(xiàn)其內(nèi)部關(guān)系,并把綜合有秩序的街道聯(lián)系起來(lái)”( 21)。 。雖然最終,委員會(huì)“更傾向美化對(duì)塑造城市的影響而不是歐姆斯德對(duì)于美化在身心健康效益方面的觀點(diǎn)”( 威爾遜 , 80)。該規(guī)劃并沒(méi)有明確致力于解決過(guò)度擁擠和貧困的街坊和小巷環(huán)繞“不朽的核心”的情況,而是以 斯沃姆波特和莫特“這是有史以來(lái)的首次努力:修正,并恢復(fù)歷史創(chuàng)始者的首都;也是在共和國(guó)的歷史上,重新確立一種任何城市都有的,表示在建筑形式上,與其起源和國(guó)家文化遺產(chǎn)具有連續(xù)感的最早的重大嘗試”( 漢斯 , 95)。由于社會(huì)角色的轉(zhuǎn)變,政府也不斷發(fā)展,在美國(guó)去年經(jīng)歷了作為農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)如死亡般的陣痛后,這個(gè)新的專業(yè)階級(jí)正在尋求認(rèn)可和權(quán)利。廣場(chǎng)“通過(guò)去除?起伏不平的小路以及闖入的鐵路車站和鐵路線而達(dá)到統(tǒng)一。在“不朽的核心”對(duì)面的盡端佇立著華盛頓紀(jì)念碑,穩(wěn)固兩軸象征權(quán)利的是國(guó)會(huì)和白宮。這些,再加上現(xiàn)有的美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)圖書館,將為國(guó)會(huì) 和其高聳的穹頂形成一個(gè)框架。該委員會(huì)通過(guò)參觀歐洲的“偉大城市”開(kāi)始其做全面城市規(guī)劃的研究。 in fact many, even at the time, saw the focus on the Mall as exclusive rather than inclusive, a lost opportunity to address not only city beautification as well as social and economic reforms, but also thoughts for the future as the growing national government expanded the borders of Washington . The 1901 Plan for Washington . was not at its core a plan for the growing metropolitan city, but for a monumental center which would invoke European and classical forms in order to legitimize the power of the planners, the growing government, and America in the international arena. It would also provide a focus for civic and national pride, which would in turn somehow magically ameliorate the city?s and nation?s economic and social problems. When the Commission presented the Plan to President Roosevelt and the public in an exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery, the estimated $200600 million required to put the plan into place was only one of many concerns voi
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