【正文】
s enterprise data model of a part. Information System Architecture As shown in figure 1, senior data model is only general information system architecture (ISA) or a part of an organization39。 ● 能夠使處理靠近需處理的數(shù)據(jù)源,從而改進響應(yīng)時間并減少網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信量。 (小型機或大型機)層 執(zhí)行復(fù)雜的計算和管理來自組織間多個數(shù)據(jù)源的數(shù)據(jù)的合并,也稱作數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)層。數(shù)據(jù)庫分為個人數(shù)據(jù)庫、工作組數(shù)據(jù)庫、部門數(shù)據(jù)庫、企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫和因特網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫。 物理模式 包括概念模式的數(shù)據(jù)怎樣存儲在計算機二級存儲器中的規(guī)格說明。 ● 物理模式或內(nèi)部模式(在物理設(shè)計階段建立)。最后,一旦構(gòu)建了一個可接受的原型,開發(fā)者和用戶將決定最后的原型 和數(shù)據(jù)庫是否能交付使用。在此圖中我們包含了注釋,概略地描述了每個原型法階段的數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)活動。 信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的其他方法 系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期法或其稍作變化的變體經(jīng)常用于指導(dǎo)信息系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫的開發(fā)。最后一步是利用現(xiàn)存的信息源(遺留應(yīng)用中的文件和數(shù)據(jù)庫以及現(xiàn)在需要的新數(shù)據(jù))加載數(shù)據(jù)。對當今的 大部分數(shù)據(jù)庫而言,這些規(guī)則來自關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫理論和稱作規(guī)范化的過程 。然后像設(shè)計信息系統(tǒng)的每個計算機程序(包括程序的輸入和輸出格式)那樣,對數(shù)據(jù)庫支持的事務(wù)、報表、顯示和查詢進行詳細的檢查。同時建立其他文檔來概述不考慮現(xiàn)存數(shù)據(jù)庫的情況下特定開發(fā)項目中所需的數(shù)據(jù)范圍。請注意,系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期的階段和數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)步驟之間不存在一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系,概念數(shù)據(jù)建模發(fā)生在兩個系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期階段之間。然而在大多數(shù)情況下,數(shù)據(jù)庫及其相關(guān)信息處理功能是作為一個完整的信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)項目的一部分而被開發(fā)的。 3)區(qū)分開發(fā)活動的優(yōu)先級如果一個給頂?shù)墓δ軐τ谙到y(tǒng)開發(fā)有高優(yōu)先級(可能因為它與重要的組織目標相關(guān)),那么這個領(lǐng)域所使用的實體在數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)中擁有高優(yōu)先級。規(guī)劃矩陣經(jīng)常從業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則中導(dǎo)出,它有助于社頂開發(fā)活動優(yōu)先級、將開發(fā)活動排序和根據(jù)自頂向下視圖通過一種企業(yè)范圍的方法安排這些開發(fā)活動。對于處理業(yè)務(wù)功能和支持功能的全部集合而言,多個數(shù)據(jù)庫是必須的,因此一個特定的數(shù)據(jù)庫可能 僅僅對支持功能(如圖 2所示)的一個子集提供支持。 ●組織地點業(yè)務(wù)操作的發(fā)生地。 信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃 信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的目標是使信息技術(shù)與組織的業(yè)務(wù)策略緊密結(jié)合,這種結(jié)合對于從信息系統(tǒng)和技術(shù)的投資中獲取最大利益是非常重要的。 信息工程 信息系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃者按照信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的特定方法開發(fā)出信息系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)。 信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu) 如圖 1 所示,高級的數(shù)據(jù)模型僅僅是總體信息系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu) (ISA)一個部分或一個組織信息系統(tǒng)的藍圖。一個特定的數(shù)據(jù)庫為一個或多個信息系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù),而企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型(可能包含許多數(shù)據(jù)庫)描述了由組織維護的數(shù)據(jù)的范圍。 人,人執(zhí)行處理并且是數(shù)據(jù)和信息的來源和接收者(人在過程模型中顯示為數(shù)據(jù)的發(fā)送者和接收者)。自頂向下規(guī)劃可使開發(fā)人員更全面地規(guī)劃信息系統(tǒng),提供一種考慮系統(tǒng)組件集成的方法,增進對信息系統(tǒng)與業(yè)務(wù)目標的關(guān)系的理解,加深對信息系統(tǒng)在整個組織中的影響的理解。例如,考慮到不精確的銷售預(yù)測這個問題領(lǐng)域,信息系統(tǒng)的管理者可能在組織數(shù)據(jù)庫中存放額外的歷史銷售數(shù)據(jù)、新的市場研究數(shù)據(jù)和新產(chǎn)品的測試數(shù)據(jù)。 一個全面的企業(yè)模型包括每個企業(yè)功能的功能分解模型、企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型和各種規(guī)劃矩陣。 一個企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型不僅包括實體類型,還包括數(shù)據(jù)實體間的聯(lián)系,以及各種規(guī)劃對象間的其他聯(lián)系。 ●信息系統(tǒng) 目標顯示信息系統(tǒng)支持 的每個業(yè)務(wù)目標 圖 3舉例說明了一個可能的功能 數(shù)據(jù)實體矩陣。即使在自底向上的情況下,建立企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)模型也是必須的,以便理解現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)庫是否可以提供所需的數(shù)據(jù),否則,新的數(shù) 據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)實體和屬性都應(yīng)該加到當前的組織數(shù)據(jù)資源中去。(因而水可以在瀑布中倒流?。? 圖 4對系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期每一階段的目的和可交付的產(chǎn)品進行了簡明注解。 概念數(shù)據(jù)建模對一個已經(jīng)開始的信息系統(tǒng)項目而言,概念數(shù)據(jù)建模階段分析信息系統(tǒng)的全部數(shù)據(jù)需求。因此,經(jīng)常說到的概念數(shù)據(jù)建模是以一種自頂向下的方式完成的,它由業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域的一般理解所驅(qū)動,而不是由特定的信息處理活動所驅(qū)動。在這種情況下,邏輯數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計階段必須將原始的概念數(shù)據(jù)模型和這些獨立的用戶視圖合并或集成到一個全面的設(shè)計中。 數(shù)據(jù)庫實現(xiàn)階 段編寫、測試和安裝處理數(shù)據(jù)庫的程序。在這一步,為了滿足變化的業(yè)務(wù)條件,為了改正數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計的錯誤,或數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用的處理速度而增加、刪除或改變數(shù)據(jù)庫的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。 使用最廣泛的快速應(yīng)用開發(fā)法之一是原型法。 當產(chǎn)生原型新的版本時重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫的實現(xiàn)和維護活動。甚至有可能為一個需要新的數(shù)據(jù)庫的系統(tǒng)使用原型法,在這種情況下,當 系統(tǒng)需求在迭代的開發(fā)過程中不斷變化時需要獲取樣本數(shù)據(jù)以建造或重建數(shù)據(jù)庫原型。概念模式定義了整個數(shù)據(jù)庫而不涉及數(shù)據(jù)怎樣存儲在計算機的二級存儲器中。數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計問題在不同的層次上有很大的不同。由于企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫和因特網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫影響廣、規(guī)模大,所以,通常由在集中的數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)小組中受過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)的數(shù)據(jù)庫專家來開發(fā)。 ● 它可以利用每個計算機平臺最好的數(shù)據(jù)處理特性(如 PC的高級用戶界面與小型機和大型機的計算速度)。作為一個數(shù)據(jù)庫開發(fā)人員和程序員,你可以在這三層中的任何一層工作,開發(fā)必需的軟件。s database, these rules from the relational database theory and the process known as standardization. This step is the result of management of these data have not cited any database management system for a plete description of the database map. Logical database design pleted, we began to identify in detail the logic of the puter program and maintenance, the report contents of the database for inquiries. 4. Physical database design and definition Physical database design and definition phase decisions puter memory (usually disk) database in the organization, definition of According to the library management system for physical structure, the procedures outlined processing services, produce the desired management information and decision support statements. The objective of this stage is to design an effective and safe management of all dataprocessing database, the physical database design to closely integrate the information systems of other physical aspects of the design, including procedures, puter hardware, operating systems and data munications works. 5. Database Implementation The database prepared by the realization stage, testing and installation procedures for handling databases. Designers can use the standard programming language (such as COBOL, C or Visual Basic), the dedicated database processing languages (such as SQL), or the process of the nonexclusive language programming in order to produce a statement of the fixed format, the result will be displayed, and may also include charts. In achieving stage, but also the pletion of all the database files, training users for information systems (database) user setup program. The final step is to use existing sources of information (documents legacy applications and databases and now needs new data) loading data. Loading data is often the first step in data from existing files and databases to an intermediate format (such as binary or text files) and then to turn intermediate loading data to a new database. Finally, running databases and related applications for the actual user maintenance and retrieval of data. In operation, the regular backup database and the database when damaged or affected resume database. 6. Database maintenance During the database in the progressive development of database maintenance. In this step, in order to meet changing business conditions, in order to correct the erroneous database design, database applications or processing speed increase, delete or change the structure of the database. When a procedure or failure of the puter database affect or damage the database may also be reconstruction. This step usually is the longest in the database development process step, as it continued to databases and related applications throughout the life cycle, the development of each database can be seen as a brief database development process and data modeling concepts arise, logical and physical database design and database to achieve dealing with the changes. Information System developed by other means System Development Life Cycle minor changes in law or its variant of the often used to guide information systems and database development. Information System is a lifecycle methodology, it is highly structured approach, which includes many checks and balances to ensure that every step of produce accurate results, and new or alternative information system and it must munications or data definitions consistent existing system needs consistenc