【正文】 這兩項標準在《工標》及《民標》中均沒有規(guī)定。 （ 2）、安全照明，不宜大于 。 ，應急照明持續(xù)時間要求 （ 1）、疏散照明，不宜小于 30min。象特別重要的公共建筑、通訊中心、廣播臺、電視臺、發(fā)電及配變電中心、交通樞紐等場所。對于安全照 明的設置場所，《照標》沒有進行列舉，防火規(guī)范的《高規(guī)》和《低規(guī)》中有提到 “應急照明 ”和 “疏散用應急照明 ”，但沒有細分或者提及 “安全照明 ”這詞，《民規(guī)》第 2 3 指出： “凡在火災時因正常電源突然中斷將導致人員傷亡的潛在危險場所 (如醫(yī)院內(nèi)的重要手術(shù)室、急救室等 )，應設安全照明 ”，并在本規(guī)范附錄 C 中有要求設計照度應保持正常照明的照度水平。 ”可以用作各類應急照明燈。電池的再充電時間不應少于 24h。 逆變電路應保證一定的流明效率。 電池放電終了時的電壓不應低于額定電壓的 80%。中國照明學會室內(nèi)照明委員會和北京市消防局編制的北京市地方標準 ——《應急燈安全技術(shù)要求及檢測方法》，對疏散標志的圖形、文字表示方法，作圖、書寫要求及尺寸，都作了規(guī)定。過去有的使用 “太 平門 ”、 “非?？?”等文字標志都不夠確切，不應再使用；至于 “緊急出口 ”的部分文字筆畫太多，不好書寫，也不易辨認清楚。雙向有出口的指向標志，應使用雙向箭頭，而不能用奔跑的人。 色背景和淺色圖形，具有更高的辨認性，使圖形更鮮 明。至今仍使用紅色是不正確的，必須改正。而對消 防控制室、消防水泵房、配電室和自備發(fā)電機房等需繼續(xù)工作的場所及其它重要房間，按防火設計規(guī)范《高規(guī)》及《低規(guī)》規(guī)定，其備用照明應保持正常照明照度。 （ 1）來自電力網(wǎng)與正常電源分開的線路； （ 2）應急發(fā)電機組； （ 3）蓄電池組 包括集中設置的、分區(qū)設置的、應急燈內(nèi)自帶的蓄電池組三種形式； （ 4）同時具備以上三類電源中的兩種以至三種的組合。反之，專門為應急照明而設置， 9 則不經(jīng)濟合理。經(jīng)常處于后備狀態(tài)的機組，停電時自起動時間約需 15S，因此只能作為疏散照明和備用照明的應急 電源。 （ 1）應用蓄電池可靠性高，轉(zhuǎn)換迅速，能適應各類應急照明。中心變配電所設有蓄電池直流屏時，可利用它供給本所內(nèi)的備用照明。正常電源切斷時，備用電源自動投入。專用集中應急電源供電又分為兩種類型，一種為集中或分區(qū)設置蓄電池組，另一種為后備交流應急電源，可由電網(wǎng)引來有效的獨立電源，柴油發(fā)電機組供電。 3 由電網(wǎng)獨立電源供電時，要求由外部引來兩路獨立電源供電，確保一路故障時，另一路仍能繼續(xù)工作，此種方式供電容量和供電時間不 12 受限制，轉(zhuǎn)換時間易滿足要求，但在重大災害時，其供電可靠性可能受到破壞，失去應急照明供電的作用。 5 在防火設計規(guī)范《高規(guī)》和《低規(guī)》中有規(guī)定： ① 應急照明和疏散指示標志，可采用蓄電池作備用電源，且連續(xù)供電時間不應少于20min，高度超過 100m 的高層建筑連續(xù)供電時間不應少于 30min。 13 第 7 章 應急照明的線路敷設 當應急照明系統(tǒng)僅采用自帶備用電源的應急照明燈具時 ，對其供電線路無特別要求，但是，對于其它形式的應急照明系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)各規(guī)范及標準的要求，應急照明配電應采用以上所述的專用供電系統(tǒng)配線。除此以外，我認為應急照明配線宜提倡采用阻燃型電線和電纜，有條件時可采用耐火型電線和電纜，以確保配電線路的可靠性。 應急照明必須選用能瞬時啟動的光源，只有應急照明作為正常照明的一部分，并且應急照明和正常照明不出現(xiàn)同時斷電時，應急照明才可選用其它光源，因為若選用不瞬時啟動的光源 (如氣體放電燈 )時，當其不在正常照明運作中一同使用，一旦發(fā)生事故，因其啟動時間長而不能起到事故 14 照明的作用，為此，《照標》作出了上述明確的規(guī)定。 15 第 8 章 應急照明電源的切斷 雖說應急照明是一項綜合安全設施，并不都是用于火災時，但它應滿足消防的規(guī)范，它的供電是屬于消防用電電源。有消防人員證實，在撲救火災中，他們要求有關部位的電源要全部切斷。 （ 3）照明熄滅將妨礙消防工作的想法控制中心或指揮中心、消防設施間等。 （ 2）斷電后要求繼續(xù)堅持工作 或需要進行必要的操作、處置的場所，備用照明燈要布置在需要工作、操作的主要部位。其主要技術(shù)要求如下： 蓄電池：要求使用全封閉、免維護、尺寸小的充電型 電池，一般應使用鎘鎳電池，條件較優(yōu)越也可鉛酸電池，但尺寸較大，壽命較短，但不應使用汽車蓄電池，更不允許用原電池。 應有逆變、控制、保護及充電等環(huán)節(jié)。即從正常電源供電轉(zhuǎn)換到蓄電池供電后，光源輸出光通量的比例。有些國家規(guī)定了更高地比例。 國際電工委員會 IEC《應急照明燈具》標準將應急照明分為疏散照明和備用照明，國際 照明委員會 CIE 出版物《建筑物內(nèi)的應急照明指南》將應急照明分為疏散照明、安全照明和備用照明。 ” 在各防火規(guī)范《高層民用建筑設計防火規(guī)范》 (GB5004595，以下簡稱《高規(guī)》 )和 《建筑設計防火規(guī)范》 (GBJ1687 修訂本，以下簡稱《低規(guī)》 )中，也提到應急照明，此處所指應急照明應理解為只是應急照明的一種形式。 20 致 謝 在我的努力和老師朋友的幫助下，畢業(yè)設計終于順利的完成。特別是我的室友楊齊他無償?shù)姆瞰I出自己的電腦給我使用。s room. Then followed the worst wait of all. Mary said afterwards that he hummed and ha39。s bed. She looked so pink and wrinkled to me that I did not see how the inspector could have been quite sure about her. How ever, there was nothing obviously wrong with her, so she had got her certificate. Nobody could blame the inspector for that。 so far, nobody had thought of looking there for me. It was simply a matter of putting in half an hour or so. Normally the room was very convenient, though just at present its use required caution because the wattle wall between the rooms was cracked and I had to move very cautiously on tiptoe lest my mother should hear me. On that particular day I was just thinking that I had allowed nearly enough time for people to be busy again when a twowheeled trap drove up. As it passed the w indow I had a glimpse of my Aunt Harriet holding the reins. I had only seen her some eight or nine times, for she lived fifteen miles away in the Kentak direction, but what I knew of he r I liked. She was some three years younger than my mother. Superficially they were not dissimilar, and yet, in Aunt Harriet each feature had been a little softened, so that the effect of them all together was different. I used to feel when I looked a t her that I was seeing my mother as she might have been — as, I thought, I would have liked her to be. She was easier to talk to, too。s voice exclaimed in surprise, and not altogether in approval. 39。 39。s tone, 39。 There was a pause. Presently she added: 39。t she a lovely darling?39。 39。t know what to do. Then when I heard your baby had e early and was a girl, too, it was like God answering a prayer.39。 39。Harriet!39。 Harriet, let me see that child — properly.39。s nothing much.39。You have the effrontery to bring your monster into my house, and tell me it39。 Aunt Harriet39。 No wonder you didn39。d like to know why you have e here, Harriet? Why did you bring it here?39。t, because I thought perhaps I could saAs spring came on, a new set of amusements became the fashion, and the lengthening days gave long afternoons for work and play of all sorts. The garde n had to be put in order, and each sister had a quarter of the little plot to do what she liked with. Hannah used to say, I39。s had roses and heliotrope, myrtle, and a little orange tree in it. Jo39。clock, the four members ascended to the clubroom, tied their badges round their heads, and took their seats with great solemnity. Meg, as the eldest, was Samuel Pickwick, Jo, being of a literary turn, Augustus Snodgrass, Beth, because she was round and rosy, Tracy Tupman, and Amy, who was always trying to do what she couldn39。m to be. A literary spinster, with a pen for a spouse, a family of stories for children, and twenty years hence a morsel of fame, perhaps, when, like poor Johnson, I39。t need it. Well, I needn39。t laugh at the spinsters, dear girls, for often very tender, tragic romances are hidden away in the hearts that beat so quietly under the sober gowns, and many silent sacrifices of youth, health, ambition, love itself, make the fade d faces beautiful in God39。s ghost seemed to sta nd before her, a substantial, lifelike ghost, leaning over her with the very look he used to wear when he felt a good deal and didn39。s. We stopped there by the way, and there was no getting my wife out of their clutches. Your what? cried Jo, for Laurie uttered those two words with an unconscious pride and satisfaction which betrayed him. Oh, the dickens! Now I39。t need it now. So, e and fess, Teddy. How good it sounds to hear you say `Teddy39