【正文】 alised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s. Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping, stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a mon shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into evertinier categories has proved a surefire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences or invent them where they did not previously exist. saying it is...the rainbow(Line 3, ),the author means pink______. [A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood [B]should not be associated with girls39。 indifference to their report cards [C]undermine the authority of state tests [D]restrict teachers39。 lives and interests to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？ [A]Colours are encoded in girls39。s behavior [D]studies of childhood consumption may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____. [A]focus on infant wear and older kids39。s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decadesby 2020 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2020 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle. On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court 8 overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Geics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman39。 monopolies restrict access to geic tests such as Myriad39。 they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very last, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an ear of reckless personal spending. But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the ., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more meanspirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Antiimmigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes. In e inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross themespecially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed。 they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.” This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding from gender torace to cultural studies were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs. [A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. 41. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. 42. Niccolo [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were 14 Machiavellli hard to imitate. 43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. 44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. 45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. [G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers. 參考答案 41~45 AFGCE 46． Direction： When people in