【正文】 漿后，用木抹子拍實(shí)抹平。養(yǎng)護(hù)方法可采用灑水濕潤(rùn)，也可采用噴涂養(yǎng)護(hù)劑、覆蓋塑料薄膜或鋸末等方法，必須保證細(xì)石混凝土處于充分的濕潤(rùn)狀態(tài)。 ②細(xì)石混凝土防水層應(yīng)伸到挑檐或伸入天溝、檐溝內(nèi)不小于60mm，并做滴水線(xiàn)。嵌填密封材料時(shí)，應(yīng)先在分格縫側(cè)壁及縫上口兩邊150mm范圍內(nèi)涂刷與密封材料材性相配套的基層處理劑。待基層處理劑表面干燥后，應(yīng)立即嵌填密封材料。 ⑤采用合成高分子密封材料嵌填時(shí)，不管是用擠出槍還是用膩?zhàn)拥妒┕ぃ砻娑疾粫?huì)光滑平直，可能還會(huì)出現(xiàn)凹陷、漏嵌填、孔洞、氣泡等現(xiàn)象，故應(yīng)在密封材料表面干前進(jìn)行修整。 ⑨變形縫中間應(yīng)填充泡沫塑料，其上放置襯墊材料，并用卷材封蓋，頂部應(yīng)加混凝土蓋板或金屬蓋板。在分格板塊內(nèi)的混凝土應(yīng)連續(xù)澆筑，不得留設(shè)施工縫；原材料嚴(yán)格計(jì)量，混凝土振搗密實(shí)，澆筑成型后三次壓光，不得上人踩踏。混凝土中宜配置Φ4~Φ6鋼筋，間距為150~200mm，鋼筋設(shè)在混凝土中部，雙向配筋，上下不得露筋，并在分格縫處斷開(kāi)，以保證分格板塊內(nèi)的混凝土能夠自由變形。為了使分格縫隙的防水更可靠，可在密封材料填嵌完畢后，在分格縫上騎縫鋪設(shè)200~300mm寬的防水卷材蓋條，使分格條處形成兩道防水，提高設(shè)防的可靠性。低強(qiáng)度等級(jí)砂漿一般采用粘土砂漿或石灰砂漿施工，粘土砂漿配合比為石灰膏：砂：粘土=1：:。其中，混凝土的原材料、配合比和抗壓強(qiáng)度，防水層的滲漏和積水，防水層的細(xì)部作法等，屬主控頂目，必須符合規(guī)范規(guī)定。其次，油氈和女兒墻等垂直面連接處，油氈和油氈的搭接縫，施工時(shí)瀝青一定要澆滿(mǎn)，使所有縫隙不要迎水迎風(fēng)，并錯(cuò)開(kāi)上下的搭接縫。排水坡度應(yīng)適宜，不得有存水、擋水處。 女兒墻或挑檐平屋面外雨落管排水，坡度較難掌握、極易產(chǎn)生局部存水，找坡。 當(dāng)屋面有突出部位時(shí)（如通風(fēng)孔、煙囪等〉，應(yīng)于迎水一側(cè)做分水脊。加氣板（塊）應(yīng)抹找平層，不宜直接鋪油氈。刷膠后 對(duì)折運(yùn)送，以防膠面失水過(guò)快。 上下接頭應(yīng)先上后下，可搭接一定長(zhǎng)度，拚好花紋，上下紙一刀切齊后再粘住，以使拚花齊整。另外粘結(jié)劑應(yīng)涂刷均勻,否則卷材易出現(xiàn)空鼓起泡現(xiàn)象,降低防水層的使用壽命。嚴(yán)格檢查各項(xiàng)技術(shù)資料是否符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，重視施工技術(shù)資料的收集，做好監(jiān)理日志，旁站記錄及隱蔽工程驗(yàn)收記錄，凡是技術(shù)資料不完善、施工質(zhì)量不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求的，不得進(jìn)行下道工序施工，同時(shí)推行樣板引路的方法，以進(jìn)一步完善施工組織設(shè)計(jì)（方案），做到有效控制。5 常見(jiàn)的技術(shù)問(wèn)題及解決辦法一、常見(jiàn)的屋面滲漏的原因 （一）設(shè)計(jì)方面 設(shè)計(jì)上考慮不周，節(jié)點(diǎn)作法不合理，違反施工規(guī)范，造成建筑物先天不良，埋下滲漏隱患。因此，決不能僅依據(jù)出廠合格證就輕易使用這些材料，更何況本來(lái)合格的材料由于運(yùn)輸、保管不當(dāng)，也可能損壞、變質(zhì)。2mm厚的油無(wú)法將其粘住，形成浮石，經(jīng)雨水沖刷很容易堵塞排水口，造成屋面積水。反之，防水層做得再好，基層脫皮、起砂、倒坡、開(kāi)裂，就要引起油氈空鼓開(kāi)裂造成滲漏。規(guī)范規(guī)定分格縫應(yīng)留在預(yù)制板支承邊的拼縫處，縫寬一般為20mm，縱橫向最大間距為6m，并加蓋200～300mm寬單邊貼的油氈。屋面工程施工前，施工單位應(yīng)組織技術(shù)管理人員會(huì)審屋面工程圖紙，掌握施工圖中的細(xì)部構(gòu)造及有關(guān)技術(shù)要求并根據(jù)工程的實(shí)際情況編制屋面工程的施工方案或技術(shù)措施。施工中施工單位應(yīng)按施工工序、層次進(jìn)行質(zhì)量的自檢、自查、自糾并且做好施工記錄，監(jiān)理單位做好每步工序的驗(yàn)收工作，驗(yàn)收合格后方可進(jìn)行下道工序、層次的作業(yè)。天溝、檐溝的縱向坡度不應(yīng)小于1%，溝底落差不得超過(guò)200mm。 （三）提高屋面柔性防水質(zhì)量的技術(shù)措施柔性防水屋面的結(jié)構(gòu)層宜為整體現(xiàn)澆。屋面坡度小3%時(shí)，卷材宜平行屋脊鋪貼；屋面坡度在3%～15%時(shí)，卷材可平行或垂直屋脊鋪貼；屋面坡度大于15%或屋面受振動(dòng)時(shí)，瀝青防水卷材應(yīng)垂直屋脊鋪貼，高聚物改性瀝青防水卷材和合成高分子防水卷材可平行或垂直屋脊鋪貼；上下層卷材不得相互垂直鋪貼。刮涂的寬度以距中心200mm以上為宜，一般須刮涂2～3遍，～2mm為宜，待涂膜完全固化后方可鋪貼卷材。每當(dāng)鋪完一卷卷材后，應(yīng)立即用干凈松軟的長(zhǎng)把滾刷從卷材的一端開(kāi)始，朝橫方向順序用力滾壓一遍，以徹底排除卷材與基層之間的空氣，使其黏結(jié)牢固。收頭處的胎體增強(qiáng)材料應(yīng)裁剪整齊，如有凹槽應(yīng)將其壓入槽內(nèi)，不得有翹邊、皺折、露白等缺陷，最后用改性瀝青密封膏密封。 依據(jù)建筑屋面的防水設(shè)計(jì)原理,進(jìn)行順暢的屋面排水組織,選擇有效的防水材料,確定合理的構(gòu)造層次,加強(qiáng)屋面防水的細(xì)部構(gòu)造,從而做出合理的屋面防水設(shè)計(jì),是解決屋面滲漏的前提和基礎(chǔ)。 loan amp。s plan contribution must meet certain minimum standards as to employee participation and vesting and employer funding. ERISA also approved the use of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) to encourage taxdeferred retirement savings by individuals. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) provided the largest tax cut up to that time, reducing the maximum individual rate from 70 percent to 50 percent (Pub. L. No. 9734, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172). The most sweeping tax changes since world war ii were enacted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This bill was signed into law by President ronald reagan and was designed to equalize the tax treatment of various assets, eliminate tax shelters, and lower marginal rates. Conservatives wanted the act to provide a single, low tax rate that could be applied to everyone. Although this single, flat rate was not included in the final bill, tax rates were reduced to 15 percent on the first $17,850 of ine for singles and $29,750 for married couples, and set at 28 to 33 percent on remaining ine. Many deductions were repealed, such as a deduction available to twoine married couples that had been used to avoid the marriage penalty (a greater tax liability incurred when two persons filed their ine tax return as a married couple rather than as individuals). Although the personal exemption exclusion was increased, an exemption for elderly and blind persons who itemize deductions was repealed. In addition, a special capital gains rate was repealed, as was an investment tax credit that had been introduced in 1962 by President john f. kennedy. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, the first budget and tax act enacted during the Clinton administration, was vigorously debated, and passed with only the minimum number of necessary votes. This law provided for ine tax rates of 15, 28, 31, 36, and percent on varying levels of ine and for the taxation of social security ine if the taxpayer receives other ine over a certain level. In 2001 Congress enacted a major ine tax cut at the urging of President george w. bush. Over the course of 11 years the law reduces marginal ine tax rates across all levels of ine. The 36 percent rate will be lowered to 33 percent, the 31 percent rate to 28 percent, the 28 percent rate to 25 percent. In addition, a new bottom 10 percent rate was created. Since the early 1980s, a flatrate tax system rather than the graduated bracketed method has been proposed. (The graduated bracketed method is the one that has been used since graduated taxes were introduced: the percentage of tax differs based on the amount of taxable ine.) The flatrate system would impose one rate, such as 20 percent, on all ine and would eliminate special deductions, credits, and exclusions. Despite firm support by some, the flatrate tax has not been adopted in the United States. Regardless of the changes made by legislators since 1913, the basic formula for puting the amount of tax owed has remained basically the same. To determine the amount of ine tax owed, certain deductions are taken from an individua