【正文】
的應用在本系統(tǒng)中,執(zhí)行機構滑差電機的轉速可由經(jīng)DAC0832輸出的控制電流來調節(jié),從而實現(xiàn)對皮帶上物料的流量控制。:(1)分辨率8位;(2)電流穩(wěn)定時間1us;(3)可單緩沖、雙緩沖或直接數(shù)字輸入;(4)只需在滿量程下調整其線性度;(5)單一電源供電(+5V~+15V);(6)低功耗,20mW。(7)IOUT1:電流輸出端1,其值隨DAC寄存器的內(nèi)容線性變化;(8)IOUT2:電流輸出端2,其值與IOUT1值之和為一常數(shù);(9)Rfb:反饋信號輸入線,改變Rfb端外接電阻值可調整轉換滿量程精度;(10)Vcc:電源輸入端,Vcc的范圍為+5V~+15V;(11)VREF:基準電壓輸入線,VREF的范圍為10V~+10V;(12)AGND:模擬信號地;(13)DGND:數(shù)字信號地。本系統(tǒng)DAC0832工作于單緩沖方式,只用輸入寄存器鎖存數(shù)據(jù)。 電機調速控制電路在晶體管功率放大和電源電路中,脈沖寬度調制器以其功耗低、效率高得到了廣泛的應用。單相橋式PWM逆變電路如圖39所示。異步電機作為原動機使用,當它旋轉時帶動離合器的電樞一起旋轉,電氣控制裝置是提供滑差離合器勵磁線圈勵磁電流的裝置。當勵磁線圈通過電流時產(chǎn)生磁場,爪形結構便形成很多對磁極。在電子電路及設備中,一般都需要穩(wěn)定的直流電源供電。在整流、濾波電路之后,還須接穩(wěn)壓電路,保證輸出的直流電壓穩(wěn)定。所以變壓器將220V交流電壓變換成符合需要的交流電壓,然后送給整流電路。這種整流電路使用普通的變壓器,但是比全波整流多用了兩個整流二極管。之所以使用電容濾波電路是利用電容的充放電原理來達到濾波的作用。其作用是當交流電網(wǎng)電壓波動或負載變化時,保證輸出直流電壓的穩(wěn)定。常用的集成穩(wěn)壓器有三端固定集成穩(wěn)壓器和三端可調集成穩(wěn)壓器,它們都屬于電壓串聯(lián)反饋型。圖312:系統(tǒng)閉環(huán)控制回路原理圖當輸送皮帶以運作時,物料在皮帶上一般為不均勻分布,瞬時流量為: (34)式中:P(t)為單位長度上物料的瞬時重量; V(t)為皮帶的瞬時線速度。在流量測試的基礎上,把流量設定值和實際測試得到的瞬時流量進行比較,計算出誤差。 輸出控制變量Vi的表達式為: (38)式中:為上一時刻輸出的控制變量。依據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能,可以將軟件部分劃分為若干個功能相對獨立的模塊,然后為每一個模塊設計算法并規(guī)劃出程序流程圖,再根據(jù)流程圖編寫程序。系統(tǒng)初始化的主要任務是在程序開始運行時,對控制系統(tǒng)中所用到的各個串行口、地址和定時器的工作方式進行初始化設定,同時對用戶地址進行計算規(guī)劃。鍵盤掃描流程圖如圖41。,則由逐列掃描找出這個鍵的所在位置。依照這種方法逐次掃描各列直到找到為0的行輸出為止。,說明按下的是功能鍵,則通過散轉程序轉到各自的入口地址,分別實現(xiàn)各自的功能。當?shù)谝粋€鍵按下時,讓程序執(zhí)行一段除最右邊LED顯示外其余均熄滅的程序,即給其他緩沖區(qū)送入一個數(shù),使它查表后得到的段碼為00H,則其他數(shù)碼管不亮,該程序為DISP1。WR鍵的功能為輸入流量設定值或PID調節(jié)及線性公式中的系數(shù)(P、I、D、a、b、c、d)。同理,也應將4位數(shù)據(jù)壓縮為兩個字節(jié)的壓縮BCD碼備用。按下此鍵流量設定值先顯示出來,如需要改變設定值,則用鍵盤敲入相應的數(shù)字鍵,隨后按下WR鍵即可。然后返回鍵掃描程序,這樣就可以退出命令狀態(tài),執(zhí)行清標志位功能,等待新命令的輸入。按下此鍵,先啟動輸送皮帶空轉運動,然后啟動A/D轉換器對荷重傳感器的輸出信號進行轉換,取若干次結果的平均值作為皮帶的自重,寫入相應單元保存。在本設計中,DAC0832的地址為C000H。在本系統(tǒng)中,首先要判別是否已輸入過設定值,若沒有輸入過,則應跳回鍵掃描。因為該系統(tǒng)任務單一,CPU只需順序進行采樣、計算、控制輸出、顯示等任務,各任務之間無時序上的沖突,故不用采用中斷處理。根據(jù)定時器中的值可計算INT1引腳上出現(xiàn)的正脈沖寬度。在計算時,用公式計算轉速。故TMOD=10010000B,即在初始化時TMOD將置為90H。 本設計的計算主要有兩部分:一是計算瞬時流量,二是通過PID調節(jié)程序計算輸出控制變量。 顯示程序顯示程序用于顯示計算出來的瞬時流量F(t),它主要是用一個取整子程序,使瞬時流量F(t)轉換成二進制數(shù),并取出16位的整數(shù)絕對值和16位的小數(shù)部分,調用雙字節(jié)二進制整數(shù)轉換成十進制整數(shù)的子程序和雙字節(jié)二進制小數(shù)轉換為十進制小數(shù)的子程序,分別將數(shù)據(jù)轉化為十進制,并將整數(shù)部分送給45H、44H單元,小數(shù)部分送入42H、41H、40H單元,43H單元送入0AH,即段碼80H,用于顯示小數(shù)點“.”。由硬件電路可知,從而使揚聲器發(fā)聲。該系統(tǒng)的設計可以比較完善的自動處理工作中出現(xiàn)的異常狀況,實現(xiàn)了漏料、缺料、原料不足等異常情況的自動報警,此系統(tǒng)操作非常簡單,使用性能好,抗干擾能力強,而且不容易出現(xiàn)故障,非常適合工作人員的操作,現(xiàn)今在中國中、小型企業(yè)應用最為廣泛。當然此系統(tǒng)還有很多不足和待開發(fā)的地方。參考文獻[1] [M].北京:中國電力出版社,[2] 李國興,[M].杭州:浙江大學出版社,[3] 張齊,[M].北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,[4] 楊打生,[M].北京:北京理工大學出版社,[5] 肖軍,[M].北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,[6] [M].西安:西安電子科技大學出版社,[7] 殷剛,[M].北京:北京理工大學出版社,[8] [M].西安:西安電子出版社,1999[9] [M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004[10] [M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008[11] (第二版)[M].北京:清華大學出版社,2004[12] Tshilidzi monitoring using putational intelligence methods : applications in mechanical and electrical systems [M].ERT press,2012[13] Soliman Abdelhady Soliman,Ahmad . Electrical load forecasting modeling and model construction [M].Dream Gateway Inc,2010外文原文和譯文Application NoteSensorless Brushless DC MotorControl with Z8 Encore! MCTMMicrocontrollersAbstractThis application note discusses the closed loop control of a 3Phase Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor using the Z8 Encore! MC? family of Microcontrollers (MCUs). The Z8 Encore! MC? product family is designed specifically for motor control applications, featuring an onchip integrated array of application specific analog and digital modules. This in turn results in fast and precise fault control, high system efficiency, and onthefly speed/torque and direction control, as well as ease of firmware development for customized applications.This article further discusses ways on how to implement a sensorless feedback control system using a Phase Locked Loop along with Back EMF sensing. Test results are based on using the Zilog BLDC Motor Control Development kit Z8FMC160100KITG. This development kit includes a Motor Control Motor Drive System module with a 32pin Z8FMC16100 MCU, a 3Phase Motor Control Application Board and a 3phase 24 VDC, 30W, 3200RPM BLDC motor with Internal Hall Sensors.Note: This application note was tested with version of ZDS II. Subsequent releases of ZDS II might require you to modify code supplied with this application note.FeaturesThe key features of this reference design include:? Smooth Scurve motor startup with reduced starting current? Sensorless (BackEMF) control using Phase Locked Loop feedback? Microcontrollerbased overcurrent protection? Selectable Speed or Torque Setting? Selectable Speed or Torque Control? Selectable control of motor direction? LED for max speed indication? LED for motoring running indication? LED for Fault indicationDiscussionThe use of BLDC motors has steadily increased over the last several years as the cost of these motors and the technology to control these motors has decreased and the benefits of these motors over other motor types has bee more important than just the initial cost. Variable speed motor applications in industries such as White Goods, Automotive, Aerospace, Medical, and Industrial Automation are now using the BLDC motor over other types of motors, such as Brushed DC and AC Induction.The construction of a BLDC motor gives it several advantages when pared to other electric motors. First, since the BLDC uses electronic mutation it has a longer life when pared with brushed DC motors and requires less maintenance since the brushes on the motor do not require cleaning and replacement. They also run much quieter, both electrically and audibly, because the motor does not have brush arcing and the mechanical mutation of other types of motors. A BLDC motor will generally have a higher output per frame size since the windings are connected to the stator and the heat generated from running can be transferred directly to the motor housing allowing cooler operation. Finally, a BLDC motor will have much lower electrical and friction losses because they don’t need to transfer power from the brushes. These losses are most prevalent at lower loads. The data has shown that a standard BLDC motor will have 510% better efficiency than