【正文】 y were called freemen. While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large landowners， and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs. In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣 ) or soldiers as a reward (獎賞 ) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals. There came a form of local and decentralized (分散化的 ) government. As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed. 第四章 一、 Renaissance 名詞解釋 Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (復興 )， specifically in this period of history， revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence (從實質上講 )， was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (試圖 ) to get rid of conservatism (保守主義思想 ) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (資產階級 )， to lift the restrictions (禁忌 ) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(權利威信 ) Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century. 二、 Reformation 名詞解釋 The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同時 ) a sociopolitical (社會政治 ) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (機智 ) his 95 thesis (論題 )。 Beginning from the 11th century， cities began to rise in central (中 ) and north (北 ) Italy. But there existed (存在 ) rivalry (競爭 ) among the cities and they were constantly (不變的 ) at war with each other. Citystates (城邦 ) have been established in Italy in beginning from the 11th century. For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century， Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets， scholars， artists and sculptors (雕塑家 )。 Calvinism. Navigation (航海 ) and the discoveries of new lands. Renaissance. Reformation. 八 、 What is the great significance of the reformation？ (What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture？ ) The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court (法院 ) to which all rulers and states were to be morally (道德的 ) responsible for. Economically， peasants (農民 ) all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount (量 ) of their gains (利益 ) to the Pope. In educational and cultural matters， the monopoly (壟斷 ) of the church was broken. In religion， Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge (挑戰(zhàn) ) the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. In language， the dominant position of Latin had to give way to (為 … 讓步 ) the national languages as a result of various (不同的 ) translations of the Bible into the vernacular. In spirit， absolute obedience (盲從 ) became outmoded (不復存在 ) and the spirit of quest (探索 )， debate (爭論 )， was ushered in by the reformists.(凡事都要問 為什么的精神 ) 九 、 Why do we say renaissance came to England very late， but in England renaissance reached its climax？ The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade. It was to produce some towering figures (頂級人物 ) in the English. William Shakespeare， Edmund Spenser， Sir Thomas More. The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability (穩(wěn)定 ) on the one hand and economic prosperity (繁榮 ) on the other. England began to embark (從事 ) on the road to colonization (殖民擴張 ) and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday (鼎盛 ) of capitalist development. 十 、 What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture？ The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church?s dispensation. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. (給 … 以致命打擊 ) 十一 、 What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance？ 答： The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries： by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled 。 It emphasized (強調 ) observation (觀察 ) and experimentation (實驗 ) before formulating (表示 ) a final explanation or generalization (概括 )。 After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制 ) has e into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy (至高無上的權利 ) of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign?s power (王權 ) in certain important directions.(方向 )