【正文】 n that is reading the newspaper. He is the man (whom/ that) I can trust. The letter (that /which) I received was from my father.注：作表語表身份時(shí)只能用that: . He is not the man (who ) that he was ten years ago. He is not the happy boy that he used to be. The teacher that you are should know how to teach grammar.在限制性定于從句中，用that替換其他關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which 應(yīng)注意:1. 其前不可置介詞2. 其前不可有逗點(diǎn) (不可用于非限定性定語從句). The earth on which we live is a big ball.The earth that / which we live on is a big ball.由that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句：all/ both/ neither/ none/ either/ each/ other/ others/ another/ much/ many/ few/ little/ one/ some/ anything/ nothing/everything等 . All that we can do is to believe her. Is there anything that I can do for you. Much you have read is nonsense., 序數(shù)詞, 修飾時(shí). The first lesson that he gave was interesting. It is the most beautiful park that I have ever been to. This is the best that can be done now., every, no, some, any, little, few, much, each等, 和the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí). This is the very dictionary that I want. The only thing that we could do was to wait. You may borrow any book that interest you. I have read all the books (that) you gave me.. I caught two fish yesterday. Now you can see the two that are still alive.. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are well known., 應(yīng)避免重復(fù). The student that was punished is the monitor who studies hard.He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.,定語從句要用that 而不用who(m) / which. Who is the person that is standing at the gate. Who is the man that is reading the newspaper? Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this.Of whom/which, etc.名詞和不定代詞 (some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many and few) 可以和 of whom/ of which 連用 . It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music. He has written a book, the name of which I have forgotten. We’ve tested these boots, none of which is pletely waterproof.這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以和表數(shù)量（quantity）和最高級(jí)（the superlatives）連用 . a number of whom/three of which/half of which The majority of whom/the youngest of whomOf whom/which 在從句中作主語時(shí)，有以下兩種結(jié)構(gòu). Do you see the house the windows of which are all broken?(of which the windows) The eighty passengers, ten of whom were British, all escaped.(of whom ten)定語從句和不定式 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 可以和不定式連用 . We moved to the country so the children would have a garden in which to play. 沒有介詞，不能用這種結(jié)構(gòu) I can’t think of anybody whom to invite. 即使有介詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)也非常正式和不常見的，我們常用更簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)。. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight. It rained all night, during which time the ship broke in pieces.Whose 為關(guān)系代詞所有格, 由his/ her/ their/ my/ your/ its 等所有格變化而成. 在引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作定語,可指人/物 . This is John, whose father is a teacher. People whose home are in town want to live in the country. 使用whose時(shí)要遵守下列原則whose之前要有名詞，whose之后的名詞在從句中要做主語,賓語，否則, whose 之前要有介詞,介詞可移至句尾. I like John, whose father I don’t like.I like John, whose brother I want to make friends with.可用 the... of which/ of which...the 替換 . I don’t like the building whose roof is blue. I don’t like the building the roof of which is blue. I don’t like the building of which the roof is blue.Of which除可以表示所屬關(guān)系外，還可用來表示整體和部分的關(guān)系，而whose 不能。He borrowed a book of which the author was a peasant. 在句首時(shí)不能用which 替換。. He married her, as was natural.She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.It rained hard yesterday, which prevented her from going to Shenyang.He is absent, as is often the case. But 的用法But本身具有否定意義，相當(dāng)于who/which/that...notBut的先行詞往往是否定意義的代詞或名詞詞組，用雙重否定表強(qiáng)烈肯定But的這一用法常見于在從句中作主語 There is no one but knows about this affair. (who doesn’t know about) There are few dictionaries but have a misprint or two. (that don’t have)Than 的用法用作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，可在從句中作主語，其后直接接謂語。s Palace. A. Which B. Where C. What D. / you know the man _______? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke have two grammars, ______are of great use. of which of which of that of which is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam. which is the day ______I39。t such a man ______he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as way ______he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./ Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D. I went with him lost a book, ______I can39。/ B./。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.3. 名詞(代詞)+不定式在“名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)的形式；如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用被動(dòng)形式。種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)?？瓷先⒏馈?. 名詞(代詞)+名詞His first shot failure，he fired again．他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．每天下午，一個(gè)背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會(huì)從那間破舊的房屋前蹣跚著走過。上文的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。（without +名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的ing形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語）The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．總督思考問題時(shí)，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。4. 作伴隨狀語或補(bǔ)充說明I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．我拿著車票還有我的奶酪，雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺(tái)。5. 作定語，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.靠近岸時(shí)，我看見幾個(gè)深池塘，池水碧似藍(lán)天