【正文】 ormality? These are all the questions worth considering.In fact, the introduction is not a formality. It is a very important and multipurpose ponent of any presentation. What a speaker says at the beginning sets the stage for the entire presentation and initiates his rapport with the audience. A lot needs to be acplished during the first few minutes of the presentation, including arousing the audience’s interest, establishing credibility and rapport with them, preparing the audience for what will follow and motivating them to listen on. So developing the introduction often requires a disproportionate amount of attention. Generally speaking, an effective introduction acplishes the following goals: greeting and selfintroduction during which a speaker should try to establish credibility, providing the background information, presenting the purpose statement and previewing the points that will be developed, establishing rapport and informing the time for question. Body If the introduction and conclusion are the framework of the presentation, the body is just what should be filled in the framework, which is what attracts the audience most. While planning the body of the presentation, one should think about two questions. What should go into it? What order should they appear in? Maybe these two questions will present a clear image of the content of the body. To summarize, it consists of the main points, the outline, supporting data and the right sequence in which the materials are distributed. An outline refers to the way a presentation is organized. Just as the construction of a house needs a designing drawing, an effective presentation demands a wellknit outline. The main points are just like the foundation and beams of the house. The various materials, like the bricks used to reinforce the house, refer to the supporting data including facts, figures, statistics, etc.. And these help make the main points more persuasive. Of course, applying the right sequence in the body part is also a vital task. As the bulk of the presentation, the body is the core devoted to a discussion of the three or four major points in the outline. Each main point should be developed with adequate, but not excessive explanation and details. Otherwise, the main message might not stand out. The goals are that the organization of the presentation is clear and the presentation keeps the audience’s attention. Conclusion The third major step is concluding the presentation which is as important as the introduction. This part provides unity to the presentation by “telling the audience what you have already told them.” It should be “your best line, your most dramatic point, your most profound thought, your most memorable bit of information, or your best anecdote.”[4] Axtell, . (1992). Do’s and taboos of public speaking: How to get those butterflies flying in formation. New York: John Wiley.[4] Because listeners tend to remember what they hear last, use these final words strategically. In a sense, it is even more important as the audience’s attention peaks at this point. It is the speaker’s last chance to sell his ideas. Skilled speakers concentrate on what they want the audience to do, think, or remember. Even though they were mentioned earlier, important ideas must be repeated. Therefore, the conclusion has to be planned and delivered well. Otherwise, what one has built up in the body of the presentation may be gone. A speaker should consider including the following three elements in the part of conclusion: a restatement of the subject, a summary of the key points developed in the presentation and a positive statement of the conclusion. Questionandanswer PeriodWhen giving presentations, no speakers hope to pack up without questions asked in the end. If one does hope so, he hasn’t realized the tremendous value of a lively interactive session with the audience. This is where they e forward to share the munication load with the speaker. It is a valuable part of a presentation. Questions are also a doubleedged sword. If a presenter fails to answer legitimate questions from the audience, he leaves the podium with a final image of inpetence and with his credibility dented badly. Therefore, one should spend time before the speech thinking about the questions that might ariseincluding abrasive or difficult ones. Then get ready with answers. That is also the reason why we include this period as an essential part of a presentation. A presenter may even need to prepare some visuals in anticipation of his audience’ needs for greater detail. Some experts remend that it’s better to hold back some dramatic statistics as ammunition for the questionandanswer session. Maintaining professionalism will improve the presenter’s credibility, but the speaker should bear in mind that circumstances might require some changes in the answers prepared. Use of Vivid WordsEffective presentation involves not only speaking clearly, but also speaking vividly. This is particularly the case in presentations that involve a lot of abstract ideas or technical terms. It will be difficult to hold the audience’s attention if a speaker presents in a dull and monotonous way. Vivid words decorate the meaning with living color and produce clear and distinctive mental images, thus making it easy for the audience to remember. Vividness can be created through the creation of the wording and phrasing. The sentences used must be clear, clarified with familiar and vivid words and too plex sentences should be avoided. There are several ways to create vividness such as the use of statistics, action verbs, detailed descriptions and the use of rhetorical figures, etc.. For example,Moscow still has 6,000 nuclear warheads poised for longdistance delivery. Weaponsgrade plutonium from dismantled warheads is stored in poorly secured buildings, vulnerable to theft. Russia also has tens of thousands of underpaid weapons