【正文】
含量) is limited.非特殊用途/一般用途的普通鋼不是合金鋼。The principal element whose content is responsible for the properties of steels is carbon 影響鋼性能最主要的元素是碳。Aluminum alloys are best known for low density and corrosion resistance. Electrical conductivity,easy of fabrication,and appearance are also attractive features.Because of these,the world production of aluminum roughly doubled in one recent 10 year period.Ore reserves for aluminum are large (representing 8%of the earth’s crust) and aluminum can be easily recycled鋁合金以其低密度和腐蝕抗力而聞名。Magnesium alloys have even lower density than aluminum and,as a result,appear in numerous structural applications such as aerospace designs.Aluminum is a fcc material and therefore has numerous (12) slip systems, leading to good ductility.By contrast.magnesium is hcp with only three slip systems and characteristic brittleness.鎂合金的密度比鋁合金的還低,因此,設(shè)計(jì)航空飛行器時(shí)大量的結(jié)構(gòu)件用鎂合金。一旦形成鈦合金,鈦的活性顯現(xiàn)出其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。盡管密度要比Al、Mg高,鈦合金的顯著特點(diǎn)之一是在中等服役溫度下能保持其強(qiáng)度,因此航天中應(yīng)用多。優(yōu)良的電導(dǎo)率使銅合金成為電線的首選材料。其顏色經(jīng)常用于建筑裝飾中。熱處理時(shí)添加2wt%的鈹元素,產(chǎn)生的CuBe沉淀相使其拉伸強(qiáng)度可超過(guò)1000MPaNickel alloys have much in mon with copper alloys.We have already used the CuNi system as the classic example of plete solid solubility. Monel is the name given to mercial alloys with NiCu ratios of roughly 2:1 by weight. These are good examples of solution hardening. Nickel is harder than copper, but Monel is harder than nickel. 鎳合金比銅合金更普通。Ni比銅硬,但是蒙乃爾合金比Ni硬。鐵合金上鍍鋅層是重要的防腐蝕措施,該方法稱(chēng)之為鍍鋅。鉛合金用于電池鉛版(與鈣、銻混合)、焊料(與錫混合)、輻射屏蔽及進(jìn)行有效的組織控制。The precious metals include gold, iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium,ruthenium,and silver. Excellent corrosion resistance bined with various inherent properties justify the many costly applications of these metals and alloys.Gold circuit in the electronics industry, various dental alloys, and platinum coatings for catalytic converters are a few of the better, known examples.貴重金屬包括金、銥、鋨、鈀、鉑、銠、釕和銀。isconsistingAC3cooling.Ac1fulloccurisThesteeltheequilibriumispearlite,cementite. 退火是一種結(jié)構(gòu)再結(jié)晶,由加熱到AC3以上并隨后緩慢冷卻組成。thefollowedWithdeposescementiteWiththelower Aslowered,beesfinedispersethesothethatcementitenotwilldepositionsolutionrtransformcarbonhardeningtreatmentthe(Accm),steelferrite不完全淬火是熱處理過(guò)程加熱金屬到Ac1之上,但低于AC3(Accm)之后,鋼結(jié)構(gòu)保留亞共析鐵素體(過(guò)共析滲碳體)。procedurehardenedAc1tocertain這就要求超塑性金屬的可反映其在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中形成的行為的實(shí)驗(yàn)室鑒定。需要的超塑性行為的總體特征的處理變量在本節(jié)進(jìn)行了介紹。流動(dòng)應(yīng)力和流動(dòng)應(yīng)力的應(yīng)變率敏感性的測(cè)量可以在一個(gè)單一的測(cè)試進(jìn)行,并可以用來(lái)確定超塑性成形的最佳應(yīng)變速率(其中m是一個(gè)最大值)。在較高的應(yīng)變率,應(yīng)變硬化與位錯(cuò)胞形成有關(guān)以一種典型的方式。In earlier days forging was the process of shaping metal by heating and hammering. Today, metal is not always heated for forging and the work may be performed by several types of heavy machines which apply impact or squeeze pressure with swift precision. In today39。Pressworking operations have increased dramatically over the last few years, but like many other manufacturing operations, the existing technology has sometimes failed to keep pace with the changing applications. One area where this is especially true is die bending. 在過(guò)去的幾年里壓力加工行業(yè)日益昌盛,但像許多其他制造業(yè)務(wù)一樣,現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)有時(shí)無(wú)法跟上不斷變化的應(yīng)用的步伐。許多屬性具有材料之一,其機(jī)械性能,在大多數(shù)情況下,是最重要的,因此,他們將在本書(shū)太多的考慮。這些類(lèi)型的債券是剛性的,是由于兩個(gè)不同的電荷離子的靜電引力。這不是在非金屬發(fā)生。這代表了范圍廣泛的組織工程材料的一個(gè)巨大的家庭及相關(guān)性質(zhì)。05和2重量%的碳。這些合金元素都經(jīng)過(guò)精心挑選,因?yàn)樗麄兛偸菐?lái)大幅增加材料成本。用不同加熱(或冷卻)率,實(shí)際利率應(yīng)歸功于給定的溫度,更嚴(yán)格,溫度和時(shí)間的無(wú)限變化,溫度在時(shí)間上的第一衍生物:ν行為= dt的/ Dτ熱處理是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,包括多個(gè)加熱階段,中斷或分步加熱(冷卻),冷卻到零度以下的溫度,等。這些過(guò)程,這是熱激活,導(dǎo)致一個(gè)流動(dòng)應(yīng)力,應(yīng)變率和溫度,以及依賴(lài)于應(yīng)變。可遵循靜態(tài)再結(jié)晶晶粒的生長(zhǎng),如果溫度足夠高。已變形引入的缺陷的強(qiáng)化作用表示贊賞多年,它已被用于提高,特別是在金屬和合金的冷加工技術(shù)實(shí)力水平的一種手段。在很大程度上取決于困難或回收或再結(jié)晶過(guò)程,否則由此產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)。在早期的鍛造天是塑造金屬加熱和錘擊的過(guò)程。因此,機(jī)械零件服務(wù)的要求也越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重,鍛造已經(jīng)成為比單純的金屬成型多。從技術(shù)上講,鍛造可給金屬的過(guò)程中定義的塑造,提煉,并改善其機(jī)械性能的影響或壓力下,通過(guò)控制塑性變形的效用增加。同樣,鍛件覆蓋幾乎每一個(gè)有用的人的基本配置的形狀。 雖然不是在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的巨大的商業(yè)鍛造業(yè),它是一個(gè)巨人的貢獻(xiàn)我們的生活和我們的國(guó)防的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。正在確定新的市場(chǎng),探索新技術(shù),新的方法和流程,細(xì)化。