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《質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理》word版-預(yù)覽頁

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【正文】 ee Annex II): 法規(guī)操作舉例(見附錄 II) ? Inspection and assessment activities. 檢查與評估活動 While regulatory decisions will continue to be taken on a regional basis, a mon understanding and application of quality risk management principles could facilitate mutual confidence and promote more consistent decisions among regulators on the basis of the same information. This collaboration could be important in the development of policies and guidelines that integrate and support quality risk management practices. 繼續(xù)根據(jù)各區(qū)域進(jìn)行法規(guī)決策時, 以相同的信息為基礎(chǔ), 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理原則的 共識和應(yīng)用會有助于建立相互間的信任,并在法規(guī)工作者間達(dá)成更為一致的決策。 研發(fā) ? Facility, equipment and utilities。 附錄 II舉了一些例子, 在一些情況下質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理過程的應(yīng)用 可提供可用于各種制藥操作中的信息。 但是,有效的 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理會推進(jìn)更多更好的精明決策,會為法規(guī)工作者在公司處理潛在風(fēng)險的能力方面提供更多的保證, 并會影響 直接法 規(guī)疏忽的范圍和層次。結(jié)合使用提供了靈活性,方便質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理原則的應(yīng)用。 危險可操作性分析( HAZOP) ? Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)。 失敗模式效果分析( FMEA) ? Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)。 這種方法在 投訴、質(zhì)量缺陷和偏差的處理以及資源分配方面 繼續(xù)提供有用信息。風(fēng)險審核可包括對風(fēng)險接受 決策的重新考慮( )。 應(yīng)實(shí)施審核或監(jiān)控事件的機(jī)制。 包括的信息關(guān)于質(zhì)量風(fēng)險的存在、性質(zhì)、形式、概率、嚴(yán)重性、可接受程度、控制、處理、可檢測性或其它方面。 Risk Communication 風(fēng)險溝通 Risk munication is the sharing of information about risk and risk management between the decision makers and others. Parties can municate at any stage of the risk management process (see Fig. 1: dashed arrows). The output/result of the quality risk management process should be appropriately municated and documented (see Fig. 1: solid arrows). Communications might include those among interested parties。 風(fēng)險接受可以是接受剩余風(fēng)險的正式?jīng)Q定,也可以是剩余風(fēng)險未明確說明的被動決定。 提高危險和質(zhì)量風(fēng)險的可檢測性的過程也可作為一種風(fēng)險控制策略而采用。 風(fēng)險控制所作的努力 應(yīng)與風(fēng)險的重要程度成正比。 或者,一些風(fēng)險管理工具采用相對的風(fēng)險度量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將多 層次的嚴(yán)重性和概率結(jié)合到相對風(fēng)險的總體估計中。 或者,風(fēng)險可采用定性的形容詞來表達(dá),如“高”、“中”、或“低”,這應(yīng)盡量詳細(xì)地定義。不確定情況是由于對一個過程的知識不完整以及預(yù)期或非預(yù)期的變異性。 Risk evaluation pares the identified and analyzed risk against given risk criteria. Risk evaluations consider the strength of evidence for all three of the fundamental questions. 風(fēng)險評估將已鑒定并分析的風(fēng)險與給定的風(fēng)險標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行比較。這是質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理過程中接下來步驟的基礎(chǔ)。 疑問中的風(fēng)險定義明確后,解決風(fēng)險疑問所需的合適風(fēng)險管理工具(見第 5章的例子)和信息類型就較容易確定了。 將與風(fēng)險評估相關(guān)的潛在危險、危害或人體健康影響方面的背景資料和 /或數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行匯總 ? Identify a leader and necessary resources。 and 承擔(dān)起協(xié)調(diào)其組織中不同部門的質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理的責(zé)任 ? assure that a quality risk management process is defined, deployed and reviewed and that adequate resources are available. 保證質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理過程已定義、部署并審核,且相關(guān)資源已到位。 注意 : 流程圖中“不合格”不僅指法規(guī)要求,還包括重復(fù)風(fēng)險評估過程的需要。也可使用其它模型。 3. PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理的原理 Two primary principles of quality risk management are: 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理的兩個首要原理是 ? The evaluation of the risk to quality should be based on scientific knowledge and ultimately link to the protection of the patient。 這些方面包括貫穿原料藥、藥品、生物制劑整個生命周期的研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、銷售、檢查和遞交 /審核過程(包括藥品、生物制劑的原料、溶劑、賦形劑、包裝和貼簽材料的使用)。 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理的一個模型見圖 1。 這些決定可以回到前一個步驟并尋找進(jìn)一步的信息、調(diào)整風(fēng)險模型或者甚至根據(jù)支持這個決定的信息終止風(fēng)險管理過程。 Decision makers should 決策者應(yīng) ? take responsibility for coordinating quality risk management across various functions and departments of their anization。 定義問題和 /或風(fēng)險疑問,包括識別潛在風(fēng)險的中肯假設(shè) ? Assemble background information and/ or data on the potential hazard, harm or human health impact relevant to the risk assessment。 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理從明確定義的問題描述或風(fēng)險疑問開始。 風(fēng)險鑒定針對“什么可能出現(xiàn)問題?”,包括鑒定可能后果。 在一些風(fēng)險管理工具中,檢測危害的能力(可檢測性)也是影響風(fēng)險估計的因素。 暴露情況的假設(shè)和不確定情況的合理來源會增強(qiáng)輸出的可信度,并有助于鑒定其局限性。 定量表達(dá)風(fēng)險時,采用數(shù)字概率。因此,定量風(fēng)險 評估 對某個時間某個后果是有用的。 風(fēng)險控制的目的是將風(fēng)險降低至可接受水平。 風(fēng)險降低可包括為減輕危害的嚴(yán)重性和概率所采取的措施。 Risk acceptance is a decision to accept risk. Risk acceptance can be a formal decision to accept the residual risk or it can be a passive decision in which residual risks are not specified. For some types of harms, even the best quality risk management practices might not entirely eliminate risk. In these circumstances, it might be agreed that an appropriate quality risk management strategy has been applied and that quality risk is reduced to a specified (acceptable) level. This (specified) acceptable level will depend on many parameters and should be decided on a casebycase basis. 風(fēng)險接受 是接受風(fēng)險的決定。 該(規(guī)定的)可接受水平由多個參數(shù)決定,并應(yīng)根據(jù)具體案例來做決定。 溝通可包括 利益各方之間的溝通,比如法規(guī)工作者和行業(yè),行業(yè)和病人,以及公司、行業(yè)或法規(guī)部門內(nèi)部等。 Risk Review 風(fēng)險審核 Risk management should be an ongoing part of the quality management process. A mechanism to review or monitor events should be implemented. 風(fēng)險管理應(yīng)是質(zhì)量管理過程一個持續(xù)進(jìn)行的部分。 審核的頻率應(yīng)根據(jù)風(fēng)險層次而定。Traditionally, risks to quality have been assessed and managed in a variety of informal ways (empirical and/ or internal procedures) based on, for example, pilation of observations, trends and other information. Such approaches continue to provide useful information that might support topics such as handling of plaints, quality defects, deviations and allocation of resources. 傳統(tǒng)上,質(zhì)量風(fēng)險的評估和管理有多種非正式的方式(根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的程序和 /或內(nèi)部程序),其依據(jù)是觀察結(jié)果的匯總、趨勢和其它信息。 基本風(fēng)險管理簡易方法(流程圖、檢查表等) ? Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA)。 危險分析和關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)( HACCP) ? Hazard Operability Analysis (HAZOP)。 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理方法和 輔助統(tǒng)計工具可結(jié)合起來使用(比如 概率風(fēng)險評估)。簡介部分已指出,質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理的使用不 會 免除按照法規(guī)要求行事的義務(wù)。 Quality risk management should be integrated into existing operations and documented appropriately. Annex II provides examples of situations in which the use of the quality risk management process might provide information that could then beused in a variety of pharmaceutical operations. These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered a definitive or exhaustive list. These examples are not intended to create any new expectations beyond the requirements laid out in the current regulations. 質(zhì)量風(fēng)險管理應(yīng)適當(dāng)融入到現(xiàn) 有操作中并做好記錄。 Examples for industry and regulatory operations (see Annex II): 行業(yè)和法規(guī)操作舉例(見附錄 II) ? Quality management. 質(zhì)量管理 Examples for industry operations and activities (see Annex II): 行業(yè)操作和行為舉例(見附錄 II) ? Development。 生產(chǎn) ? Laboratory control and stability testing。 Detectability: 可檢測性 The ability to discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of a hazard. 發(fā)現(xiàn)或測定一種危害的存在或真相的能
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