【正文】 ble to us as to facilitate reading some difficult English contracts in daily practice2． 4 II .Classification of English Contracts We frequently mention contracts in various contexts: at work,perhaps employment or therapeutic contracts。 正式合同與傳統(tǒng)合 在語(yǔ)言特征方面擁有很多共性 ,同時(shí)也有不少差異 ,其擁有大量與短句子搭配的長(zhǎng)句子 ,極限長(zhǎng)度的句子被大量運(yùn)用 ,但卻排斥了成對(duì)的近義詞。 本科畢業(yè)論文 中文題目： 論合同英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特征 外文題目 : A Comment on Linguostylistics of Contract English i論合同英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特征 摘要： 本文旨在闡述英文合同語(yǔ)言特性 ,首先本文旨在分類將英文合同分為三類 :傳統(tǒng)的合同、正式的合同以及現(xiàn)代的合同。所以其語(yǔ)言特征風(fēng)格的傳統(tǒng)是正式的、精確的和保守的。 本文還探討了對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)合同和正式合同的解釋方法 ,并且預(yù)測(cè)了英文合同的未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 and leisure activities,such as joining a gym or booking a holiday. Few of us stop to consider in detail what we actually mean by the term,what actually makes a contract that is legally enforceable. This chapter takes a look at the legal aspects of making,keeping and sometimes breaching contracts,different types of contractual agreements,and the remedies available for breach of the different types of contract. We are not trying here to turn readers into lawyers,but simply provide a road map through ‘the thickets of the law’ to make some mon sense of it all and to indicate the potential problem areas. Contract is varied and situationspecific,and if one is in any doubt about a particular contract,legal advice should be sought. As what has been mentioned above,based on the lingual styles． the English contracts can be basically divided into three kinds： Traditional,formal and modern contracts． The traditional contracts are those that have almost no Dunctuation and the main verb of the first sentence is the verb in archaic from Witnessethand the last paragraph begin with the phrasein witness whereof. The formal ones refer to the contracts with many details,such as definitions,relative terms and conditions and with a number of capital anywhere in a sentence． The standard contracts mean those containing no definitions． The terms and conditions are paratively fewer and direct,and the text leaves blanks for the parties to fill in． 5 III .Traditional Contract The reason why this kind of contracts is regarded as traditional is that,just as the wordtraditionalimplies,these contracts have a long history． The earliest ones were written on parchment and the activities that this kind of contracts covers chiefly are what could be carried out before the development of international business,such as the hiring orpurchase of a house or a piece of land,or life insurance． The two samples chosen here may be reasonably central and representative in a linguostylistic sense． Because classical social contract theorists derived the social contract from a prepolitical state of nature and presocial forms of human behavior,opponents of a contractarian view traditionally have questioned using a social contract of specious origins as the philosophical justification for the basic institutions of a fair society. Some contemporary contractarians draw the normative principles of social interactions from a hypothetical social contract that avoids the question of historical origins and presocial forms of human behavior. Other contemporary contractarians think that binding contracts cannot be traced to a hypothetical social contract and individual rights originating from philosophical ideas。foreandfinish. 11 In Sample Four,entitle,claim,subcontract,liability,liberty,provision and clause are all the special terms which are oflen used in contracts and have very limited sense.Warrant,allegation and indemnifyare branded withformalin some special terms and formal words offer the similarity between the traditional and formal contracts． The only difference in this aspect between the two lies in the practice that some special terms are defined separately and explicitly in the formal English contracts． Words in Pair Compared with the traditional contracts,the formal ones are not marked with words in pair． In both the two samples,none of the phrases are posed of two or more synonyms or near synonyms． I have read quite a few other formal contracts and paid special attention to the words in pair,but I could detect almost none of them． The change may arise out of two considerations． One is that synonyms arenot as words of the same meaning but as‘closely allied ’words between which there are nice shades of distinction． The other is that in order to be concise,eye a formal contract should avoid using paired synonyms． 6. Complicated and Strict Expression The formal contracts carry forwards the feature of plicated and strict expressions of the traditional contracts． In Sample Three,there arethe warehouse or place of storage,transit including sea,land and inland waterway transits and transits in lighter andfor allocation or distribution of the goods or for storage． In Sample Four,a good example isno claim or allegation shall be made against any Person whomsoever by whom the carriage is performed or undertaken(including all subcontractors of the carrier)other than the carrier,which imposes or attempts to impose upon any such personer any vessel． Syntactic Features 12 The formal contracts English shares some syntactic distinctions with the traditional contract English． For instance,articles are sometimes left out,especially aftersuch． This phenomenon is most evident in Sample Two,and we can easily scoop outsuch personsuch claim andas agent． Capitals used ungrammatically may also be regarded as one of syntactic features own by the formal contract English too． Sample Three is pletely capitalized． In Sample Four,besides the words specified in the part of asPerson,Carrier,Goods,some words considered as key or essential words