【正文】 deral Republic of Germany , France, Switzerland, Norway, Canada, China, the Soviet Union and many other countries, with high speed and largescale development. Due to geographical, social development, economic development and strategic direction of the differences in thinking, the development of underground construction and the starting point to solve the different conflicts. At present, the world has more than 80 cities in the construction of an underground railway, as well as many cities are under construction. China, the Soviet Union, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland and other countries from the bat readiness requirements of the construction of a large number of underground civil air defense projects, some in peacetime for the use of various types of public buildings. Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany and France, land of smaller, highly concentrated in big cities, city highlights various contradictions, so the construction of the ground floor of a large number of highspeed transportation work and the Mass Transit Street, the underground mercial center. The United States from the mid70s to the ground floor of the building as energysaving measures, the development of a semiunderground soil building, with the exception of the need to stay out of the plane, Chaoyang, housing all the other parts of the soil with a certain thickness of buried or covered bined with the use of solar energy to obtain more than 50% of energysaving effect. Lack of national energy use of a large number of underground storage of energy as a strategic reserve, such as Sweden, Finland and other countries blocked the construction of the groundwater oil (or gas) are a largescale database, a single storage capacity has more than one million cubic meters. Sweden, Norway, Italy and other countries rich in 4 water resources, many built in the ground station to increase the water gap. Canada39。 in the mountains, rock fissures should be based on the volume of water and gushing location, organization of the underground drainage system construction and attention to surface water flow and the excretion of mountain torrents. ② to ensure the necessary protection. Although the underground construction itself with varying degrees of protection against all kinds of weapons, but the air defense of the military construction and engineering, but also the protection levels in accordance with the provisions of the various effects of different weapons, to conduct a prehensive protection of the design, layout of the various protection facilities, building structures and protection facilities, as well as a variety of holes, I have the appropriate protection, we should focus on building entrances and exits to ensure the security of the site. ③ the creation of an appropriate internal environment. Underground space in the internal environment, including air temperature, humidity, cleanliness, noise intensity, the illumination lights, interior colors and so on. Appropriate depends mainly on improving the quality of air in the ventilation design to ensure。 2 ) underground construction structure steel concrete posite structure ponents of the calculation of portfolio analysis。 doped admixtures, such as poor quality. As a result of modity highstrength grade concrete, cement, and water consumption, and hydration heat caused by high temperature, when the environmental temperature significantly decreased the role of the temperature difference, the new casting of the linear expansion coefficient of concrete! c = 10 106 / ℃ , when the contraction in the cooling caused by tensile stress increases. Concrete wall surface area larger than the shrinkage stress generated internally binding, the formation of shrinkage, shrinkage, temperature difference between the integrated stress, ultimate tensile strength greater than concrete and cracks。 (2) in the ground outside the building (that is, water surface), a prehensive inspection of the quality of irrigation joints until cured slurry to eliminate the wall of the swelling on the skin surface, to paste the cracks Department of Polymer waterproofing membrane, a width of about 250 mm. Cracks formed along the first grinding, clean, brush the grassroots level to deal with agents, chosen with the membrane of qualified matching binder will be a solid material paste。 13 (6) the use of thinlayer approach for irrigation, to ensure that the uniform density of concrete, to take the conservation of heat storage method, in order to reduce the temperature difference between inside and outside elements, and strictly control the cooling rate of ℃ / d, for the concrete conditions of the creation of stress relaxation, is to prevent shrinkage cracks in concrete structures, one of the main measures。 in the deep strata (a few hundred meters to 1000 meters) in the construction of an underground nuclear waste repository is to solve this problem a better way to be a wide range of importance. In another example, the primary purpose of energy saving in the underground construction has developed rapidly。s own utility system and the status of directburied 15 pipeline to make it to the layout and use of multifunction integrated pipeline corridor direction. To this end, calls for unity under the guidance of the overall urban planning, the development of urban underground space development and utilization of prehensive planning, and the same on the ground to unify urban development planning. 16 地下建筑結(jié)構(gòu) 建造在巖層或土層中的建筑。 地下建筑具有良好的防護(hù)性 能，較好的熱穩(wěn)定性和密閉性，以及綜合的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和環(huán)境效益。地下建筑也有缺點(diǎn)，如 建筑成本高，施工復(fù)雜等。后來(lái)，開(kāi)始在地面上建造住房，穴居逐漸不再是人類的主要居住方式。估計(jì)中國(guó)目前仍有