【正文】 of previous leadership ? attempting to identify the set of traits that people implicitly refer to as a leader 167。 leadership ? attitudes towards goals: Managers tend to adopt impersonal,leaders take a personal amp。Chapter 11 Leadership 167。nor,for that matter,are all managers leaders Difference between management amp。 most firms are underled amp。 integrity, selfconfidence, intelligence,jobrelated knowledge ? isolating traits resulted in dead ends,4 reason: overlooks the needs of followers。 Behavioral theories the late 1940smid1960s Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders trait research were successful,then leader is basically inborn, would have provided a basis for selecting the right “l(fā)eader” behavior theories were valid,we could teach people to be leaders,training State studies in the late 1940s ? Identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. beginning with over 1000 dimensions ? initiating structure:the extent to which a leader is likely to define amp。 turnover amp。 2. University of Michigan studies ? Employeeoriented leader:emphasizes interpersonal relations ? productionoriented:emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job ? Employeeoriented leaders were associated with higher group productivity amp。1,9 country club style 4. Scandinavian studies Finland amp。 look at the original Ohio data, wasn’t critical in those days。 situation:favorable I,II,iii,Vii,Viii。2nd, municating them through directive behavior ? how stress amp。 the intellectual ability correlate with performance in nonstressful situations amp。R2. unable but willing。 selling(highhigh) R2。 outgroup, amp。 that relationship is relatively stable over time。achievementorientedset challenging goals leader behaviors is ineffective when it is redundant 4. Pathgoal theory ? 2 classes of situational variables: environmental factors outside the control of 。 is likely to be viewed as redundant by skilled subordinates. Supportive results in high performance amp。 amount of participative DM situationally ? 5 behavior feasible in given situation: Autocratic I,II (information)。 CR Commitment R。GC Goal Congruence。 GD Geographical Dispersion。 Recent approaches theory attempting to make sense out of causeeffect relationship ? Propose that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals ? characterize leaders as having such traits as intelligence,outgoing personality,strong verbal skills,aggressiveness,understanding, amp。 intellectual stimulation,amp。mit to a purpose outside。 What is Organization Culture 1. Instituationalization:A forerunner ? When an anization takes on a life of its own,apart from any of its members,amp。 character beyond it’s Structural characteristics. The role playing in the lives of it’s members. Definition ? A mon perception held by the anization’s members。 innovators ? fortress:preoccupied with survival. Fell on hard times amp。 widely shared ? the more members accepting,the greater their mitment to,the strong the value is. Low turnover have a great influence on the behavior of its members because the high degree of sharedness amp。 ? Time orientationpast,present,future。 ? Conception of spaceprivate,mixed,public ? The nature of reality and truth。A:historically,the key factors in making Mamp。 Sustaining Culture a Culture Begins ? Largely due to what it has done before amp。 confronts the possibility that reality amp。 Fixed vs. Variable。 provide explanations amp。 small changes ? Product amp。 reconstruction A Cultural Analysis of Organization ? Focusing on Symbols amp