【正文】 f required wavelength is selected, the corresponding gain is selected automatically. The filter wheel is driven by a stepper motor, which is interfaced with the port of microcontroller through driver circuit. Pulses are generated according to required sequence to rotate the motor at required angle, which brings the filter in front of photo detector. The diagram of filter wheel assembly is shown in Figure 5. 16 . Methods (i) Signal processing Advances in electronics and microcontroller technology have played a central role in signal processing [5]. Computers are included in automated analysis for data acquisition and processing of analytical data. Output of photodiode and preamplifier is a voltage which varies directly with the light which is passed through the flow cell and selected wavelength filter. Preamplifier gain is selected automatically as per the selected test parameter and filter. Output of preamplifier is converted into digital value by a 12bit analog to digital converter. Microcontroller performs calculations on these digital values according to the appropriate calculation algorithms developed [6]. . Methods for calculation The instrument developed works in four different modes such as concentration (end point), kiic mode, fixedtime mode, and absorbance mode. For measurement of concentration in different modes, different formulas are used as shown below. (1) Concentration (end point)mode: Concentration of sample=Abs. Sample(Conc. of Standard/Abs. of Standard) (6) Or Concentration of sample = Abs. Sample F. (7) (2) Kiic mode: Concentration (U/L)=ΔAbs ./ Min( Conc. of Standard/Abs/min of Standard) (8) Or =ΔAbs / MinF. (3) Fixedtime mode: Concentration (U/L)=ΔAbs( Conc. of Standard/Abs/min of Standard) (9) Or =ΔAbsF. 17 Figure 6: Flow diagram of system software. Where F = . 106/(. Absorptivity P) (10) . is total reaction volume, . is sample volume, P is path length in cm, Abs. is absorbance, Conc. is concentration, and Min. is minute. . System software The layout of the steps followed in the development of the software of the instrument has been provided in the flow chart shown in Figures 6 and 7. On the basis of this flow diagram, system software has been developed using “C” cross piler [7, 8] for Intel 8031 microcontroller in modular form. System software is menu driven and user friendly. Many advance features have been incorporated in the software for fast and robust operation. The main program calls the subfunctions and executes them accordingly. Systemsoftware is stored in the system EPROM. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this system, the programming, reading, and reporting operations are easy and user friendly. The 18 instrument is provided with a keyboard which facilitates quick change from one function to another and setting of parameters which can be monitored on LCD with both alphanumeric as well as graphics capabilities without going through plex sequential operations. Printer in the system is used for test reports of the patients. The system was clinically evaluated successfully over 1000 blood samples at the Department of Biochemistry, GovernmentMedical College amp。 Management in Chemistry, 印度 臨床化學(xué)分析儀是一種高性能，以微控制器為基礎(chǔ)的生化分 析儀，測量各種血液生化指標(biāo)，如血糖，尿素，蛋白質(zhì)，膽紅素，等等，而且要衡量和觀察酶增長時發(fā)生的其他生化檢驗(yàn)如轉(zhuǎn)氨酶（堿性氨基酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶） ，淀粉酶，轉(zhuǎn)氨酶（天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶） ，等等 . 這些試驗(yàn)具有重要的生物化學(xué)意義和用于診斷、分類各種疾病，如糖尿病，肝臟正常，腎臟疾病，等等 . 作者在此文介紹了一種廉價(jià)的臨床化學(xué)分析儀的研制 . 它一個開放系統(tǒng)，其中任何市場上的試劑盒可以被使用 .該系統(tǒng)的以吸收透射光度法為基礎(chǔ)，基于 80C31 單片機(jī)的 RAM ， EPROM和外設(shè)接口設(shè)備，采用光源，光學(xué)模塊，干擾過濾器的各種波 長，致冷設(shè)備維護(hù)所需的溫度，在流動細(xì)胞混合，蠕動泵樣品愿望，平面液晶顯示器顯示血液指標(biāo)，病人的測試結(jié)果和動力學(xué)測試圖， 40 列微型熱敏打印機(jī)，也 32 鍵鍵盤以執(zhí)行各項(xiàng)職能。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果被認(rèn)為是可與其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文書。這些參數(shù)的量化有助于疾病的分類，并在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下，結(jié)果是用于診斷 . 近年來，由于臨床化學(xué)自動化的發(fā)展與變化，工具已經(jīng)自動化。這些系統(tǒng)可用于醫(yī)院，以測試各種血液生化指標(biāo)。吸收光與物質(zhì)濃度和厚度有光。整個系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)如圖 4所示。 40 柱熱微型打印機(jī)用于硬盤副本參數(shù)存儲，病人的測試結(jié)果，收集報(bào)告和動力學(xué)圖表顯示在 LCD 上。 C 的初始利率，采用固定的時間，終點(diǎn)，和動力學(xué)方法?？梢岳鋮s和加熱。輥型蠕動泵中使用的除塵系統(tǒng)所需的貨量試劑 /樣品及洗滌。 恒定電流電源供應(yīng)器是用來作為燈電源，以減少波動的光。要獲得所需波長的光通過， 6 干擾過濾器 的過濾不同波長，如 340納米， 405 納米， 505納米， 546 納米， 578納米和 630 納米，從紫外區(qū)，以可見光區(qū)光譜（ 300nm 的 700納米） ，已安裝在過濾器方向盤上。脈沖的產(chǎn)生需要按照順序輪流在電機(jī)所需的角度，使過濾器前面的光檢測器。 單片機(jī)根據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)挠?jì)算算法計(jì)算這些數(shù)字值 [6]. . 算法 該儀器研制工程有四個不同的模式，如濃度（終點(diǎn)） ，動力學(xué)模式，固定時間模式，和吸收模式。系統(tǒng)軟件是由客戶在菜單上操作 軟件中有許多高級功能，并能快速，穩(wěn)定的運(yùn)行 . 主程序調(diào)用并執(zhí)行相應(yīng)的子程序 . 系統(tǒng)軟件是儲存在系統(tǒng)存儲器中。這一系統(tǒng)的這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已轉(zhuǎn)入印度 [10]. 致謝 作者非常感謝帕卡普爾博士、主任，昌迪加爾 CSIO 的科學(xué)家 PK Jain 博士和 PK 戈埃爾，昌迪加爾生物化學(xué)系 GMCH 32 代理團(tuán)長 Jasbinder 考爾博士提供必要的設(shè)施和工作中的幫 27 助以及臨床