【正文】 美國(guó)政府資助。（生物谷Bioon.com）,第四頁(yè)，共一百零九頁(yè)。此外， Dazl基因的瞬時(shí)過(guò)量表達(dá)使Nanog受到抑制，但是小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞核抗原被誘導(dǎo)成生殖細(xì)胞。更為重要的是他們的研究進(jìn)一步闡明了從胚胎干細(xì)胞生成精子和卵子分子機(jī)理，是這一領(lǐng)域研究的重大突破。,JMCB：利用(l236。,(二）、卵子發(fā)育 過(guò)程(gu242。Chapter 2 The development of germ cells,第一頁(yè)，共一百零九頁(yè)。 3. 女性生殖道內(nèi)獲能和頂體反應(yīng),第二頁(yè)，共一百零九頁(yè)。,第三頁(yè)，共一百零九頁(yè)。馮立新研究員采用的方法可從雄性胚胎干細(xì)胞（XY 染色體）在體外同時(shí)生成游動(dòng)的精子和卵子。研究者通過(guò)Dazl基因的異位表達(dá)，最終在體外將小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞同時(shí)誘導(dǎo)出了游動(dòng)的精子和卵 子。 2009年10月28日，斯坦福大學(xué)人類(lèi)胚胎干細(xì)胞及再生組織醫(yī)學(xué)研究小組Kehkooi Kee 等在Nature發(fā)表了他們最新的研究成果，研究者在實(shí)驗(yàn)室通過(guò)人體干細(xì)胞制造出人工精子和卵子，這一研究成果進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了馮立新研究團(tuán)隊(duì)所做的工作的前 沿性和重要性，同時(shí)也表明我國(guó)在體外誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞生成精子和卵子研究處于國(guó)際領(lǐng)先地位。)人體干細(xì)胞制造出人工精子和卵子，在為無(wú)數(shù)不孕不育癥夫婦帶來(lái)福音的同時(shí)，也為人類(lèi)的親子關(guān)系帶來(lái)無(wú)窮爭(zhēng)論。而卵子培育還處于研究初期，但仍然比其他科學(xué)家取得的成果要進(jìn)步得多。然后再將其培育成精子和卵子。但是，很多科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑，由于女性細(xì)胞中缺少男性的Y染色體，因此從中培育出精子是不可能的” 根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織公布的數(shù)字，全世界不孕癥患者人數(shù)約為8000萬(wàn)—1.1億，還有很多育齡夫婦由于癌癥治療而無(wú)法生育。（生物谷Bioon.com）,第六頁(yè)，共一百零九頁(yè)。,FASEB Journal：找到控制雄性產(chǎn)生精子關(guān)鍵基因 娜娜 《美國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)生物學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合會(huì)雜志》（FASEB Journal）12 月刊上刊登了一篇研究報(bào)告稱，科學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)睪丸中的雄性激素控制精子生成和男性生育的機(jī)理，男性可能采用和女性類(lèi)似的方式避孕。威爾士（Michelle Welsh）博士是論文(l249。第一組老鼠是正常鼠群。這個(gè)新研究結(jié)果不僅是針對(duì)雄性激素和它們的細(xì)胞而得到的新型男性避孕藥，它同時(shí)有望發(fā)現(xiàn)新的方法來(lái)促進(jìn)精子生成。 and the Institute of Experimental Morphology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Androgens are essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility, but how androgens exert this effect remains uncertain. Androgen receptors (ARs) are expressed in several testicular cell types, but continuing uncertainty exists over which cell type mediates androgen control of spermatogenesis. Androgen signaling via Sertoli cells (SCs) is essential for complete spermatogenesis, but the role for androgen signaling via peritubular myoid (PTM) cells is contentious. To address this controversy, we generated PTMspecific ARknockout (PTMARKO) mice in which gross reproductive development was normal, but all PTMARKO males were azoospermic and infertile. Testis weight was reduced beyond puberty, and in adulthood there was an 86% reduction in germ cells, compared with wildtype littermates. These changes were not explained by any deficits in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, or folliclestimulating hormone concentrations. SC function was impaired in PTMARKO males, indicated by reduced seminiferous tubule fluid production and reduced expression of some androgendependent SC genes. Androgen action via PTM cells is therefore essential for normal testis function, spermatogenesis, and fertility in males. This study also provides the first direct evidence for the importance of androgendriven stromalepithelial interactions underpinning the regulation of spermatogenesis。 體外受精診所，屆時(shí)可以使成千上萬(wàn)的不育男性擁有自己的“基因”兒女。 通過(guò)顯微鏡觀測(cè)，科學(xué)家清晰地看到了這種人造精子有頭和尾，并能像正常的精子一樣游動(dòng)。這表明在繁衍后代方面，男性占有主導(dǎo)地位。,Stem Cells and Development doi:10.1089/scd.2009.0063. In Vitro Derivation of Human Sperm from Embryonic Stem Cells Karim Nayernia, Jae Ho Lee, Majlinda Lako, Lyle Armstrong, Mary Herbert, Manyu Li, Wolfgang Engel, David Elliott, Miodrag Stojkovic, John Parrington, Alison Murdoch, Tom Strachan, Xin Zhang Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to specific cell types can be achieved using methods that mimic in vivo embryonic developmental programs. Human egg and sperm cells (gametes) are derived from a founder population of germline stem cells (GSCs), primordial germ cells (PGCs), that are set aside early in embryogenesis which give raise to gonocytes in males. After birth, gonocytes differentiate to adult male germline stem cells, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which can selfrenew and generate sperm cells, are unique stem cells in that they are solely dedicated to transmit genetic information from generation to generation. Understanding the mechanisms of germ cell specification, development and its differentiation to sperm is important for elucidating the causes of male infertility. Here, we developed an in vitro strategy for establishing of male GSCs from human embryonic stem cells. These in vitro derived GSCs express markers which are specific for PGCs, SSCs, meiotic and postmeiotic germ cells indicating maturation of the primordial germ cells to haploid male gametes. In vitro derived germ cells are able to enter meiosis and generate haploid motile spermlike cells in vitro. While full potential of the human ES derived germ cells and sperm remains to be demonstrated, this in vitro modeling of human gametogenesis provides a new approach for studying biology of human germ cells and establishment of therapeutic approaches in reproductive medicine.,第十二頁(yè)，共一百零九頁(yè)。 研究表示，未來(lái)甚至可以出現(xiàn)僅由女性構(gòu)成的世界。o)這一過(guò)程 是安全的，就不存在倫理學(xué)上的障礙?！辈贿^(guò)他同時(shí)表示，目前沒(méi)有計(jì)劃用這種精子讓人類(lèi)卵子受精，因?yàn)檫@一行為需要多個(gè)主管部門(mén)的批準(zhǔn)。 不過(guò)，科學(xué)家表示，從女性身體中提取并培育出精子將意味著她們只能生女兒，因?yàn)樯泻⑺璧腨染色體只能從男性精子那里獲得。)，而且還出現(xiàn)了增殖現(xiàn)象，細(xì)胞的性質(zhì)與功能和胚胎干細(xì)胞相似。,2010121 10:55:11 Nature：同源精子(jīngzǐ)會(huì)抱團(tuán)前進(jìn),美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)研究人員報(bào)告說(shuō)，如果將兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠的精子混合在一起，那么相同來(lái)源的精子就會(huì)利用其頭部的鉤狀物互相(h249。 Among the extraordinary adaptations driven by sperm competition is the cooperative behaviour of spermatozoa1. By forming cooperative groups, sperm can increase their swimming velocity and thereby gain an advantage in intermale sperm competition1, 2. Accordingly, selection should favour cooperation of the most closely related sperm to maximize fitness3. He