南郵材料化學(xué)mc20xx-chapter2-a-全文預(yù)覽
【正文】 000 鋯（ Zr） 220 鈣（ Ca） 36,300 鉻（ Cr） 200 鈉（ Na） 28,300 釩（ V） 150 鉀（ K） 25,900 鋅（ Zn） 132 鎂（ Mg） 20,900 鎳（ Ni） 80 鈦（ Ti） 4,400 鉬（ Mo） 15 氫（ H） 1,400 鈾（ U） 4 磷（ P） 1,180 汞（ Hg） 錳（ Mn） 1,000 銀（ Ag） 硫（ S） 520 鉑（ Pt） 碳（ C） 320 金（ Au） 氯（ Cl） 314 氦（ He） Relative content of elements on the earth 7 Catalog States of the elements in the room temperature 8 First Ionization Energy (I1) —— the energy required to remove the one electron from a gaseous atom. the minimum amount of energy needed to remove the outermost (highest energy) electron from a neutral atom in the gaseous state. A(g) + I1 A+(g) + e 1） First Ionization Energy 9 21 21 3 .6 ZIn?From Bohr model and Schrodinger equation I1—— first ionization energy, eV Z—— effective nuclear charge n—— main quantum number 1eV= 1019J ※ The bigger the I1, the more difficult to remove the outmost electron. 10 I1 Z I1 increases slowly I1 increases dramatically R I1 11 The amount of energy created in the process in which an electron is added to a neutral isolated gaseous atom to form a gaseous ion with a 1 charge. ? EA varies greatly across the periodic table； ? Generally, nonmetals have more positive EA than metals ? EA generally increases across a period (row) in the periodic table. ? A trend of decreasing EA going down the groups in the periodic table would be expected A (g) + e A (g) + EA 2） Electron Affinity （ EA） 12 Generally, nonmetals have more positive EA than metals EA 13 －－ a chemical property which describes the power of an atom to attract electrons towards itself. 1 / 2( e V ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ] / 2A B d d dE A B E A A E B B?? ?? ? ? ?※ Electronegativity cannot be directly measured and must be calculated from other atomic or molecular properties. ※ It increases across the periodic table going left to right, and decreases from top to bottom. 3) Electronegativity χH= 14 4） Atomic and Ionic Radii 15 Leaving the noble gases out, atoms get smaller as you go across a period. 16 Radii of ions 17
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