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rge cities, which are supplied with directcurrent threewire systems. Such a supply is invariably obtained from synchronous converters. There are also certain types of motor loads in industrial plants, which require direct current.Because many cities have experience rapid growth, their substations have often reached the limits of their capacity. As a result, downtown distribution systems are often overworked and many need a major, overhaul, overhaul, or expansion. However, space is scarce. Downtown business owners do not want “ugly” new substation marring the area’s appearance, but nor do businesses and residents grid the prospect of grid disturbances.One example of a system capable of integrating equipment monitoring with substation automation is the GE Harris integrated Substation Control System (ISCS). The system can integrate data from both substation system and equipment online monitoring devices into a mon data base. The data can then be processed by an expert system into information on the status and health of monitored equipment using selfdiagnostic programs. This information is then sent to a CMMS for automatic generation and tracking of maintenance work orders leads directly to the significant efficiencies found with conditionbased maintenance programs.ABB Power and its industry partners have bined to develop the ABB Power System software. The system contains a diagnostic and maintenance system that reports necessary maintenance before failure. It allows utilities and industrial customers to easily expand from a single puter to a full system, without reengineering.the directional protection basisEarly attempts to improve powerservice reliability to loads remote from generation led to the dualline concept. Of course, it is possible to build two lines to a load, and switch the load to whichever line remains energized after a disturbance. But better service continuity will be available if both lines normally feed the load and only the faulted line is tripped when disturbances occur. shows a singlegenerator, twoline, singleload system with breakers properly arranged to supply the load when one line is faulted. For the arrangement to be effective it is necessary to have the proper relay application. Otherwise, the expensive power equipment will not be able to perform as planned. Consider the application of instantaneous and/or time delay relays on the four breakers. Obviously the type of the relay cannot coordinate for all line faults. For example, a fault on the line terminals of breaker D. D tripping should be faster than B, however, the condition reverses and B should be faster than D. It is evident that the relay protection engineer must find some characteristic other than time delay if relay coordination is to be achieved.The magnitude of the fault current through breakers B and D is the。[3] [S].北京:我在完成論文期間得到了景老師的精心指導(dǎo)和熱情幫助,為我們提供了良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境和不可多得的鍛煉機(jī)會(huì)。當(dāng)然在保護(hù)配置方面,我自己認(rèn)為還是存在許多的不足之處,如:在保護(hù)配置方面,為了保證基本要求,應(yīng)該加裝自動(dòng)裝置;對(duì)于線路方面的保護(hù)配置,我認(rèn)為還應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步的細(xì)化;對(duì)于電纜的選擇,我認(rèn)為還是有點(diǎn)模糊,有些東西還是理解不太深刻。 當(dāng)然這次的設(shè)計(jì)還有一些上述不足之處,需要我不斷的去學(xué)習(xí),去改進(jìn)。當(dāng)對(duì)繼電保護(hù)知識(shí)有了一定的了解后,指導(dǎo)老師景展及時(shí)給我們作了指導(dǎo),使我們對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)及著手點(diǎn)有了明確的認(rèn)識(shí),自己的頭腦中也形成了此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的一個(gè)大概框架。其中:;2) 保護(hù)的動(dòng)作時(shí)限t2應(yīng)與t1配合,即: (),故選用DS111型時(shí)間繼電器,~ s。3)由于其動(dòng)作時(shí)間為0s,為防止其在線路上管型避雷器放電時(shí)誤動(dòng),~。繼電器的動(dòng)作電流為: ()考慮到系統(tǒng)發(fā)展時(shí)仍能適應(yīng),選用DL11/50型電流繼電器,~50A,故動(dòng)作電流整定值為30A。其中:1為靈敏度,5498為10kV側(cè)基準(zhǔn)電流。其動(dòng)作電流整定為: ≥ () () ()式中: ——配變低壓側(cè)母線故障時(shí)本線路最大三相短路電流;——10kV母線等值系統(tǒng)最大運(yùn)行方式阻抗標(biāo)么值;XL1——織布廠、膠木廠、印染廠線路正序阻抗標(biāo)么值;其中:,5498為按100MVA為基準(zhǔn)容量計(jì)算而得的10kV側(cè)基準(zhǔn)電流;所有阻抗的標(biāo)么值都100MVA為基準(zhǔn)容量而獲得?!煽肯禂?shù), ——返回系數(shù), ——考慮電動(dòng)機(jī)自起動(dòng)使電流增大的自起動(dòng)系數(shù),= () (線路負(fù)荷電流取電流互感器額定一次側(cè)電流) ()2) 繼電器的動(dòng)作電流為: ()考慮到系統(tǒng)發(fā)展時(shí)仍能適應(yīng),選用DL11/20型電流繼電器,其動(dòng)作電流的整定范圍為5~20A,故動(dòng)作電流整定值為6A。4) 由于其動(dòng)作時(shí)間為0s,為防止其在線路上管型避雷器放電時(shí)誤動(dòng),~。 35kV線路三段式電流保護(hù)整定計(jì)算 第一段 無(wú)時(shí)限電流速斷保護(hù)1) 應(yīng)躲過d2點(diǎn)的最大短路電流整定。電流保護(hù)多采用三段式,即由電流速斷保護(hù)、限時(shí)電流速斷保護(hù)和過電流保護(hù)組成。3) 并列運(yùn)行的平行線路,可裝設(shè)橫聯(lián)差動(dòng)保護(hù)作主保護(hù),并應(yīng)以接于兩回線電流之和階段式保護(hù)或距離保護(hù)作為兩回線同時(shí)運(yùn)行的后備保護(hù)及一回線斷開后的主保護(hù)及后備保護(hù)。2) 對(duì)雙側(cè)電源線路可裝設(shè)帶方向或不帶方向的電流電壓保護(hù)。對(duì)1~2km 雙側(cè)電源的短線路,當(dāng)采用上述保護(hù)不能滿足選擇性、靈敏性或速動(dòng)性的要求時(shí),可采用帶輔 助導(dǎo)線的縱差保護(hù)作為主保護(hù),并裝設(shè)帶方向或不帶方向的電流保護(hù)作后備保護(hù)。可采用定時(shí)限或反時(shí)限特性的繼電器。: () ()即:,冷卻風(fēng)扇自起動(dòng)。 過負(fù)荷保護(hù):(后備保護(hù))其動(dòng)作電流按躲過變壓器額定電流來(lái)整定。本裝置靈敏度 () 滿足要求。即:實(shí)際整定匝數(shù)(匝) () = 4匝, . sυ= 1匝。f I —電流互感器的最大相對(duì)誤差。因此35kV為基本側(cè)。變壓器差動(dòng)保護(hù)動(dòng)作電流應(yīng)滿足以下三個(gè)條件1) 應(yīng)躲過變壓器差動(dòng)保護(hù)區(qū)外出現(xiàn)的最大短路不平衡電流2) 應(yīng)躲過變壓器的勵(lì)磁涌流3) 在電流互感器二次回路端線且變壓器處于最大負(fù)荷時(shí),差動(dòng)保護(hù)不應(yīng)動(dòng)作結(jié)合設(shè)計(jì)要求和實(shí)際條件只對(duì)其做縱差動(dòng)保護(hù)的整定,所選繼電器型號(hào)為BCH—2型差動(dòng)繼電器。輕瓦斯保護(hù)的動(dòng)作值按氣體容積為250~300cm2整定,本設(shè)計(jì)采用280 cm2。 作用:用來(lái)反映變壓器內(nèi)部故障和油面降低,它反應(yīng)于油箱內(nèi)部故障所產(chǎn)生的氣體或油箱漏油而動(dòng)作,其中重瓦斯保護(hù)動(dòng)作于跳開變壓器各電源側(cè)斷路器,輕瓦斯保護(hù)動(dòng)作于信號(hào)。為了使快速動(dòng)作的主保護(hù)實(shí)現(xiàn)選擇性,從而就造成了主保護(hù)不能保護(hù)線路的全長(zhǎng),而只能保護(hù)線路的一部分。即:為滿足系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定和設(shè)備的要求,能以最快速度有選擇地切除被保護(hù)設(shè)備和線路故障的保護(hù),就稱為主保護(hù);當(dāng)主保護(hù)或斷路器拒動(dòng)時(shí),用以切除故障的保護(hù),就稱為后備保護(hù)。在本設(shè)計(jì)中,根據(jù)要求需裝設(shè)過電流保護(hù)、電流速斷保護(hù)、過負(fù)荷保護(hù)和瓦斯保護(hù)。對(duì)于高壓側(cè)為35kV及以上的總降壓變電所主變壓器來(lái)說,也應(yīng)裝設(shè)過電流保護(hù)、電流速斷保護(hù)和瓦斯保護(hù);在有可能過負(fù)荷時(shí),也需裝設(shè)過負(fù)荷保護(hù)。④采用間歇角原理。4) 變壓器縱聯(lián)差動(dòng)保護(hù):是按照循環(huán)電流的原理構(gòu)成。 1) 10kV線路電流速斷保護(hù):是根據(jù)短路時(shí)通過保護(hù)裝置的電流來(lái)選擇動(dòng)作電流的,以動(dòng)作電流的大小來(lái)控制保護(hù)裝置的保護(hù)范圍;有無(wú)時(shí)限電流速斷和延時(shí)電流速斷,采用二相二電流繼電器的不完全星形接線方式,本設(shè)計(jì)選用無(wú)時(shí)限電流速斷保護(hù)。其中電流速斷保護(hù)為主保護(hù),不帶時(shí)限,0s跳閘。3) 變壓器的不正常運(yùn)行過負(fù)荷、由于外部短路引起的過電流、油溫上升及油位過低。就線路來(lái)講,其主要故障為單相接地、兩相接地和三相接地。最后計(jì)算短路電流和短路容量。短路計(jì)算點(diǎn)要選擇得使需要進(jìn)行短路校驗(yàn)的電氣元件有最大可能的短路電流通過。5)接地裝置的設(shè)計(jì),也需用短路電流。2)在選擇電氣設(shè)備時(shí),為了保證設(shè)備在正常運(yùn)行和故障狀況下都能安全、可靠的工作。電容器具有投資省,有功功率損耗小,運(yùn)行維護(hù)方便,故障范圍小等特點(diǎn),因此采用并聯(lián)電容器進(jìn)行無(wú)功補(bǔ)償。利用系數(shù)法以概率論為基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)設(shè)備利用率并考慮設(shè)備臺(tái)數(shù)以及各臺(tái)間功率差異的影響確定計(jì)算負(fù)荷與平均負(fù)荷間的偏差量(這反映在最大系數(shù)中大于1的部分),從而求得最大負(fù)荷。但不適合用電設(shè)備臺(tái)數(shù)少,各臺(tái)間容量懸殊且工作制度不同時(shí)的電力負(fù)荷計(jì)算。常選用最大負(fù)荷班(即有代表性的一晝夜內(nèi)電能消耗量最多的一個(gè)班)的平均負(fù)荷,有時(shí)也計(jì)算年平均負(fù)荷。2) 尖峰電流指單臺(tái)或多臺(tái)用電設(shè)備持續(xù)1秒左右的最大負(fù)荷電流。并且對(duì)于35kV的配電裝置,此接線方式的回路數(shù)多在8回以上或者連接電源較多,負(fù)荷較大時(shí)。,二次側(cè)采用單母線分段的總降壓變電所主電路圖這種主接線,其一次側(cè)的高壓斷路器跨接在兩路電源線之間,猶如一座橋梁,而處在線路斷路器的內(nèi)側(cè),靠近變壓器,因此稱為內(nèi)橋式結(jié)線。這種主接線的運(yùn)行靈活性也較好,供電可靠性同樣較高,適用于一、二級(jí)負(fù)荷的工廠。適用范圍 :①6~10kV配電裝置,出線回路數(shù)為6回及以上時(shí);②35~63kV配電裝置,出線回路為4~8回時(shí);③110220kV配電裝置,出線回路為3~4回時(shí)。主接線對(duì)變電所設(shè)備選擇和布置,運(yùn)行的可靠性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性,繼電保護(hù)和控制方式都有密切關(guān)系,是供電設(shè)計(jì)中的