【正文】 7 14. But what can be done to tackle(17 v. deal with (a matter) 處理，解決 ) this problem? Community health workers can develop health education programs for young girls. Primary care workers can ensure that all women receive information, advice and support to help them give up the habit. Governments, national and international anizations, and WHO in particular, can act as advocates (18 n. a person who speaks for or supports an idea, way of life , etc. 鼓吹者，提倡者 )for women39。 this is hwy WHO39。 12. In order for women to bee, and remain, nonsmokers they need support. Support over these difficult days when the addiction cycle is broken. Support to help them deal in other less damaging ways with the reasons that caused them to smoke. Environments need to be created which enable them to break free of this health damaging behavior, to make the healthy choices the best 了讓女性成為不吸煙者并堅(jiān)持下去，她們需要支持，在她們煙癮發(fā)作的困難時(shí)刻幫助她們。她們也需了解一些方法來(lái)抵制學(xué)吸煙時(shí)的壓力或戒煙。這就是為什么世界衛(wèi)生組織及其他國(guó)家和國(guó)際衛(wèi)生組織反復(fù)呼吁各國(guó)立法，禁止任何形式的香煙促銷(xiāo)活動(dòng)，并且呼吁對(duì)香煙實(shí)行適當(dāng) ―高價(jià) ‖政策，以期降低年輕女性對(duì)香煙消費(fèi)的 ―熱情 ‖。１９８５年在美國(guó)２０家接受香煙廣告費(fèi)最多的雜志中有８家是婦女雜志。無(wú)論在工業(yè)化國(guó)家中還是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家里，煙草公司的廣告明確地把女性作為其 發(fā)展新煙民的主要對(duì)象。 one quarter of its customers, in the longterm, had been killed by using its product and smoking is declining in many industrialized countries. To maintain profits, tobacco panies need to ensure that at least million new smokers, usually young people, start smoking every year. Women haven been clearly identified as a key target group for tobacco advertising in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Billions of US dollars each year are spent on promoting this lethal product specifically to 。 7. What can be done to halt (7 v. to (cause to) stop 使停止 ) and reverse (8. v. change to the opposite 顛倒，反向 ) the tobacco epidemic amongst women? The challenge is twofold, to reduce the already high level of smoking among women in the industrialized world and to ensure that the low level of smoking in developing countries does not increase. In order to achieve these goals, all countries need to develop prehensive antitobacco programs which take into account and address the needs of women. Whilst these programs should be culturespecific and tailored to meet the local situation, experts agree that to be successful they must contain three key elements。 6. Women39。 5. There are dramatically increasing trends in respiratory (6 a. connected with breathing 呼吸用的，呼吸系統(tǒng)的 ) cancer among women in developed countries, and the casual relationship of smoking, rather than air pollution and other factors, to lung cancer is very clear. In the United States, for instance, the mortality rate for lung cancer among female nonsmokers has not changed during the past 20 years. During the same period, the rate among female smokers has increased by a factor of half. In SouthEast Asia, more than 85 per cent of oral cancer cases in women are caused by tobacco ，女性患呼吸系統(tǒng)癌病的人有大幅度增加的勢(shì)頭。但有一些是毋庸置疑的，即吸煙史上最長(zhǎng)的那些國(guó)家里的女性，比如英國(guó)和美國(guó)，吸煙能在男女性身上引起同樣的疾病，而且所造成的死亡率差別正在縮小。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織估計(jì)，在工業(yè)化國(guó)家中，男人和女人的吸煙率非常接近，大約為總?cè)丝诘模常埃ィ辉谠S多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中，未成熟的青少年中吸煙的女性超過(guò)了男性。在許多人看來(lái)，吸煙仍然主要是男人的問(wèn)題。世界每年因吸煙而致死的人數(shù)將增加到８００萬(wàn)，其中很大一部分將為女性。 Text ２ Women and tobacco 1. When smoking amongst women was not as widespread as it is now, women were considered to be almost free from cardiovascular( a. 心血管的 ) diseases and lung cancer. Unhappily, the situation has changed, and smoking kills over half a million women each year in the industrialized world. But it is also an increasingly important cause of ill health amongst women in developing ，人們認(rèn)為女性幾乎不會(huì)得心血管疾病和肺癌。不過(guò)即使這一儲(chǔ)量也是有限的，而且在很大程度上還沒(méi)有得到證實(shí)。維生互不是藥，但它們有和安慰藥相似的功效。這類(lèi)試驗(yàn)常常產(chǎn)生令人驚訝的結(jié)果：服用安慰藥的一組與服用新型藥物的一組恢復(fù)的一樣好。廣告法保護(hù)我們，使我們免受某些這類(lèi)不切實(shí)際想象的危害。購(gòu)買(mǎi)維生素有的是出于營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面的動(dòng)機(jī)，有的是受心理因素的驅(qū)使。大卡測(cè)量我們吃食物所得到的能量，而糖和酒有時(shí)被說(shuō)成是單位能量高的物質(zhì)。白糖可能是這一頭銜的最有力競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者。往方便食品（如比薩餅或漢堡包）上加少許的水果或另外添加一道色拉會(huì)把快餐變成搭配均勻的營(yíng)養(yǎng)餐。如我們所知，這些食品中的某些食品并不象人 們認(rèn)為的那要間（形成不良飲食習(xí)慣的）罪魁禍?zhǔn)住Ｋ麄冋f(shuō)，―飲食正常的健康人不需要它們 ‖。 1 Text 1. Do we need extra vitamins? Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the dangers of an inplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort ( 最后手段 )rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often? There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee (guardians② 保護(hù)者 of our laws on food purity, labelling and advertising clams and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. They say that they are not necessary for a healthy individual eating a normal diet. Whilst few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question how many of us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects and though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food Standards Report they do wonder instinctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is often placed at the door of the ubiquitous③ （ a. being everywhere, esp. at the same time 普遍存在的） junk and convenience foods. As we have seen, some of these are not the criminals they are made out to be White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as fresh as fresh food. There are very few foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many prepacked goods contain too much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and dried foods contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate④ （ n. 碳水化合物） , vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad to convenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a wellbalanced meal. 許多人認(rèn)為，服用維生互補(bǔ)劑是防止出現(xiàn)飲食營(yíng)養(yǎng)不均衡情況的最好防范辦法，但這是解決這一問(wèn)題的方法中最不可行的作法。食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 委員會(huì)（我們?cè)谑称芳兌?、?biāo)