【正文】 產(chǎn)品，如殺蟲(chóng)劑，它可以顯著減少害蟲(chóng)所消耗的糧食數(shù)量。(1) Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protection chemicals, ., pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(1)食物。It may seem strange in textbook this one to pose the question “do we need a chemical industry?” However trying to answer this question will provide(ⅰ) an indication of the range of the chemical industry’s activities, (ⅱ) its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (ⅲ) how great is society’s need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industry’s contribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.在這樣的一本教科書(shū)中提出：“我們需要化學(xué)工業(yè)嗎？”這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題是不是有點(diǎn)奇怪呢？然而，先回答下面幾個(gè)問(wèn)題將給我們提供一些信息：（1）化學(xué)工業(yè)的活動(dòng)范圍，（2）化學(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹挠绊懀?）社會(huì)對(duì)化學(xué)工業(yè)的需求有多大。3. The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more fortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our wellbeing or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.3． 對(duì)化學(xué)工業(yè)的需要化學(xué)工業(yè)涉及到原材料的轉(zhuǎn)化，如石油 首先轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)中間體，然后轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)量眾多的其它化學(xué)產(chǎn)品。顯然，氯乙烯（或醋酸乙烯）的合成以及聚合是化學(xué)活動(dòng)。然而現(xiàn)在有數(shù)千種化學(xué)產(chǎn)品被生產(chǎn)，從一些原料物質(zhì)像用于制備許多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作為消費(fèi)品或很容易轉(zhuǎn)化為消費(fèi)品的商品。它生產(chǎn)了數(shù)千種不同的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品，而人們通常只接觸到終端產(chǎn)品或消費(fèi)品。盡管這種發(fā)展的速度近年來(lái)已大大減慢。特別是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆發(fā)，對(duì)以氮為基礎(chǔ)的化合物的需求飛速增長(zhǎng)。20世紀(jì)初，德國(guó)花費(fèi)大量資金用于實(shí)用化學(xué)方面的重點(diǎn)研究，到1914年，德國(guó)的化學(xué)工業(yè)在世界化學(xué)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)上占有75%的份額。Unit 1 Chemical Industry化學(xué)工業(yè)Before reading the text below, try to answer following question:1. When did the modern chemical industry start?2. Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?3. What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made to meet and satisfy our needs?4. Is the chemical industry capital or laborintensive? Why? of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogenbased pounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the interwar years (19181939).1． 化學(xué)工業(yè)的起源盡管化學(xué)品的使用可以追溯到古代文明時(shí)代，我們所謂的現(xiàn)代化學(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展卻是非常近代（才開(kāi)始的）。有機(jī)化學(xué)工業(yè)的開(kāi)始是在十九世紀(jì)六十年代以William Henry Perkin 發(fā)現(xiàn)第一種合成染料—苯胺紫并加以開(kāi)發(fā)利用為標(biāo)志的。這方面所取得的成績(jī)對(duì)德國(guó)很有幫助。很有幫助Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.1940年以來(lái)，化學(xué)工業(yè)一直以引人注目的速度飛速發(fā)展。The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, . a nonstick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce. 今天的化學(xué)工業(yè)已經(jīng)是制造業(yè)中有著許多分支的部門(mén)，并且在制造業(yè)中起著核心的作用。2. Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, ., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular oper