【正文】 learning,incidental learning,among others. 基于發(fā)現學習模式的學習模型包括：有指導的發(fā)現、問題導向的學習、仿真學習、案例學習、隨即學習。 model 傳輸模型 As a result,students may be more likely to remenber concepts and knowledge discovered on their own(in contrast to a transmission model). 因此，學生可能更容易記住他們自己發(fā)現的概念和知識（相對于傳輸模型）。 table 乘法表 For example,learning to ride a bicycle( a motor skill)is defferent in fundamental ways from learning the multiplication table(verbal information),which is defferent in fundamental ways from learning to solve scientific problems(intellectual skill). 例如，學習騎自行車（一種動作技能）與學習乘法表（言語信息）在方式上是有本質區(qū)別的，與學習解決問題（智慧技能）的基本方式也大不相同。 information 言 語信息 Verbal information,that is,knowing “that” or “what”. 言語信息，即知道是“那個”或“什么”。 events of instruction 九段教學法 Inie events of instruction that each facilitates a specific cognitive process during learning. 在學習中促進具體認知過程的九段教學法。 objectives 教學目標 At the present time it is sufficient to state that instructional objectives are concrete statements the goals toward which instruction is directed. 到今天為止我們能夠理直氣壯地聲稱我們的教學目標比較準確地描述了教學所指向的目的。 infornation 有意義的學習 Cognitivists hold that meaningful information is easier to learn and remember than information that is not meaningful to the learner,and that practicing and rehearsing information improves retention(Mergel,1998). 認知主義堅信，對于學習者而言，學學有意義的信息比無意義的信息更容易，并且，練習和預演知識能改善記憶力。 model 系統(tǒng)模型 Without a brosdbased foundation in learning theory,the parctice of ISD bees narrowly focused on means (the steps in the systems model) rather than on the rightful end(learning)(Sxhiffman,1986,). 倘若缺乏廣泛的學習理論基礎，教學系統(tǒng)設計時間的焦點就會狹隘地集中在方法上（系統(tǒng)模型中的步驟）而不是恰當的學習結果上。 learning 發(fā)現學習 Bruner’s rich philosophical insight into discovery learning and problem solving,Keller’s work on motivation,Knowles’ emphasis on factors that facilitate adult learning,and the work of others contribute to a designer’s overall understanding of the learning process and skill in designing instructional strategies. 布魯納關于發(fā)現學習和問題求解的哲學思想、凱勒在學習動機方面的工作、諾爾斯對促進成人學習因素的強調，以及他人的工作都有助于設計者從大體上理解學習的過程和教學策略設計的技巧。 Burton)is making a major contribution to our understanding of how humans perceive,process,process,store,and retrieve information. 認知科學（克拉斯基、安德森、加涅、威廉姆和伯頓）在解釋人類如何感知、加工、存儲和重現信息等方面做出了很大的貢獻。 元認知 Schema theory,elaboration,metacognition,automaticity,expert/novices studies,and transfer are only a few of the constructs studied by cognitive psychologists that have important implications for the design of instruction. 圖式理論、精細化、元認知、自動化、專家 /新手的學習，以及遷移理論都對教學設計有重要啟示，這只是認知心理學家們眾多研究中的一小部分。 32. Instructional progress 教學進步 Other recent technological advances,such as the use of electronic performance support systems(EPSS)and virtual reality(VR) and the increasing use of work for instructional progress,are also likely to have a major effect on the field. 另一個最 先進的技術，例如電子績效系統(tǒng)和虛擬現實，應用網絡教學進步的增加，還可能有對這個領域的主要影響。 28. conceptual thinking 概念思維 The new media used in instruction supporting the experience were to supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking,make learning more permanent,develop continuity of thought,the growth of meaning and efficiency,depth,and variety of learning. 新媒體被應用在支持經驗的教學上是被支持一個 實實在在的基于概念思維，使學習更穩(wěn)定，發(fā)簪連續(xù)性思維，增長有意義的學習和有效、加深和多廣度的學習。 25. internal knowledge structure 內部認知結構 In the view of a constructivist,we all construct our own perspective of the world,based on individual experiences and internal knowledge structure,and learning is based on how the individual interprets and creates the meaning of his/her experiences. 建構主義的觀點是，我們對于世界的建構是基于個人的經驗和內部認知結構。 21. puter assisted instruction(CAI) 計算機輔助教學 And the roots of puterassisted instruction(CAI)can be traced back to programmed instruction. 程序教學也成為計算機輔助教學的源頭。 17. verbalism 言語主義 Polite verbalism is the respect to ,it adds your demeanor. 禮貌的言語是對別人的尊重，更增添了自己的風度。 13. progressivism 進步主義 The other idea supporting instructional technology is the theory of progressivism. 另一個支持教學技術的觀念是進步主義理論。 9. knowledge management systems 知識管理系統(tǒng) Electronic performance support systems,knowledge management systems,and learnercentered learning environments often serve as alternatives to training or direct instruction. 電子績效支持系統(tǒng)、知識管理系統(tǒng)和以學習者為中心的學習環(huán)境作為培訓或直觀教學的方法。 5. Constructivism 建構主義 Another factor that affected the field during the 1980spresent was the growing interest in constructivism(Reiser,2020,). 在 20 世紀八十年代另一個影響了這個領域的因素▔人們對建構注意的熱情在迅速增長。1. behavioral objectives movement 行為目標運動 During this period,several major events influenced the future development of audiovisual movement,and one of them is the behavioral objectives movement. 在這個時期，幾個主要的項目影響了視聽運動將來的發(fā)展，并且其中之一就是行為目標運動。 4. cone of experience 經驗之塔 The cone of experience served as a visual analogy for levels of concreteness and abstractness of teaching methods and instructional materials. 經驗之塔作為一個視覺類比于具體的水平和教學方法和教學物質的純理論。 8. instructional systems design(ISD) 教學系統(tǒng)設計 Instructional systems design(ISD)originated. 教學系統(tǒng)設計開始出現。 12. programmed instruction 程序教學 Programmed instruction and task analysis appeared and prevailed. 程序教學和任務分析的概念出現并被廣泛接受。 16. task analysis 任務分析 Programmed instruction and task analysis appeared and prevailed. 程序教學和任務分析的概念出現并被廣泛接受。 20. audiovisual instruction 視 聽教學 Based on all the above mentioned,the terminology of the field changed and the field shifted from Audiovisual Instruction to Instructional Technology. 基于上述種種變化，這一領域的術語發(fā)生了變化，領域的名稱從視聽教學變成了教學技術。 24. direct instruction 直觀教學 Electronic performance support systems,knowledge management systems,and learnercentered learning environments often serve as alternatives to training or direct instruction. 電子績效支持系統(tǒng)、知識管理系統(tǒng)和以學習者為中心的學習環(huán)境作為培訓或直觀教學的方法。 27. cooperative and collaboraative learning 協(xié)作學習 What ideas and innovations are likely to affect the field in the near future?Some,such as distance education an