【正文】 over the past decades，hydrotreating，hydrocracking,hydrofining and catalytic reforming technologies will experience an accelerated development in the future with the increasingly stringent environmental regulations and stricter standards for gasoline and diesel fuel quality．Nevertheless,the atmospheric and vacuum distillation as the first step of crude oil processing is very large in capacity and its impact on refinery process scheme and economic benefits will not be affected．Over the recent years the problems related with operation of atmospheric and vacuum distillation have at tracted high attention with new practical techniques and high—efficiency equipm ent being developed and applied unintermittently．The atmospheric/vacuum distillation unit is the first procedure for crude processing at refinery despite its purely physical separation nature．Since the crude processing volume is enormous，the distillation process can have significant impact on the overall process scheme and optimized operation of the refinery．Currently the distillation units are faced with four perplexing problem s， namely high overall energy. consumption，lower fractionation precision and extractionrate，nonideal operation of electro—desalting unit，and pooradaptability to sour crude processing．Keyword: Atmospheric, Distillation，difficulty，measureiii目 錄摘 要 ................................................................................................................................I一、概 述 .......................................................................................................................1 文獻綜述 ....................................................................................................................1 國內(nèi)外蒸餾技術(shù)的進展 ........................................................................................1 關(guān)于常壓塔新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用 ...................................................................................2 腐蝕與防護 ............................................................................................................5 熱量回收 ...............................................................................................................6 常壓塔多變量計算機控制系統(tǒng) ...........................................................................7 常減壓蒸餾裝置發(fā)展方向及其節(jié)能 ....................................................................9 設(shè)計的說明 ...............................................................................................................9 裝置生產(chǎn)方案的確定 ............................................................................................9 相關(guān)參數(shù)的選定 ..................................................................................................12二、設(shè)計計算 .................................................................................................................13 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)處理 .........................................................................................................13 油品物性 .............................................................................................................13 平衡汽化曲線 .....................................................................................................16 實沸點數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化 .................................................................................................20 物料平衡 .............................................................................................................22 初餾塔的工藝設(shè)計 ..................................................................................................23 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) ..............................................................................................................23iv 工藝計算. ............................................................................................................24 塔徑與塔高的計算 ..............................................................................................27 常壓塔的工藝設(shè)計 ..................................................................................................30 常壓塔的進料情況 ..............................................................................................30 汽提蒸汽用量 .....................................................................................................30 塔板型式和塔板數(shù)的確定 .................................................................................30 精餾塔計算草圖 .................................................................................................31 操作壓力的確定 .................................................................................................31 汽化段溫度 .........................................................................................................32 塔底溫度 .............................................................................................................35 塔頂及側(cè)線溫度的假設(shè)與回流熱分配 .............................................................35 側(cè)線及塔頂溫度校核 .........................................................................................36 全塔氣液負荷分布圖 .......................................................................................44 塔板設(shè)計 .................................................................................................................55 基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) .............................................................................................................55 塔徑的計算 ..........................................................................................................56 溢流裝置 .............................................................................................................57 浮閥塔板布置 .....................................................................................................58 塔板水力學(xué)計算 ......................................................................................................59 氣相通過浮閥塔塔板的壓力計算 ......................................................................59 淹塔 ......................................................................................................................60 霧沫夾帶 ...............................................