【正文】 (3) [3] 劉國鈞 ,陳紹業(yè) . 圖書館目錄 [M]. 北京：高等教育出版社， 1957 [4] 王明亮 . 關于中國學術(shù)期刊標準化數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)工程的進展 [EB/OL]. 19980816/19981001 [5] 謝希德 . 創(chuàng)造學習的新思路 [N]. 人民日報， 19981225（ 10） 畢業(yè)論文 13 Acknowledgements Many people have influenced the writing of this thesis either directly or indirectly. I am particularly indebted to my academic supervisor XXX who provided insightful guidance and valuable information for me. Her/His patient attitude, enlightening suggestion, intelligent efforts, constant encouragement and invaluable critiques to me over the months made the studying process a pleasurable one. My special gratitude also goes to XXX. I would also like to express heartfelt thanks to XXX and XXX. In addition, my wholehearted thanks should go to other teachers and my classmates who have helped me in one way or another in my study. What is more, I am obliged to my dear family, my mother and my father who are always beside me and behind me. Last but not least, I would give my thanks to my friends who are supportive of me, especially my best friend, XXX, who offered me a lot of help in … . 。t like others who say that they are old. So, when speaking the old people, we will say: senior citizen, the longer lived, the advanced in age, golden year. The Function of Courtesy In daily life or more formal occasions, when referring to about genitalia or the secret position of body, we always try to avoid the vulgar language and adopt more implicit euphemism in order to make speakers fortable. When talking about the appearances, people usually make use of euphemisms. If She is fat, we will say: She is plump (fullfigured).If she is thin, we will say: She is slender (slim).Besides, if he is fat, we will say: He is stout. He is big. He is well built. If someone is ugly, we will say the word: plain or homely. We address the disabled person as handicapped or the differently able person. We address the blind person as visually challenged person. We address the crippled person as physically challenged person. We address the disable students as special students. At the same time, euphemisms can also heighten the social status. Though occupation is considered as high or low, some people still have biases against certain occupations. To heighten the social status and resist the bias of society, people speak some occupations adding very strong words of technicality. We speak the building maintenance engineer or security officer instead of janitor. We speak waste manager, sanitation engineer or sanitation worker instead of garbageman or garbage collector. We speak beautician instead of hairdresser. We speak dye artist instead of a person who dyes one39。s life, to go to sleep， to end one39。s face, answer nature39。s friend instead of pneumonia. As we know, pneumonia and tuberculosis were not cured in the past, and people frightened those like afraid of cancer today, so those diseases were taboo at that time. Though Medicine and Pharmacology has developed dramatically nowadays, we are not afraid of those like before but we still continue 畢業(yè)論文 7 to speak English euphemisms. If someone is mad, we say someone is a little confused. If someone is deaf， we say someone is hard of hearing. If someone is blind, we say someone is visually retarded. If someone is fat， we say someone is weightwatcher. If someone is crippled， we say someone is physically handicapped. English Euphemisms for “Occupation” We usually think that brain labor is the noble job but the physical strength labor is the lowly job the reason is that there is a great different between the white collar and blue collar as for rewards. There are also the same situations in the western countries. In order to avoid the lowly job bringing people unfortable and eliminate their psychology39。s call. Besides, women can talk about like this: Can I go to add some powder? English Euphemisms for “Pregnant” People often adopt some implicit expressions because “pregnant” has some relation with “sex”. To describe it, we will say someone is pregnant in Chinese. In the English world, we will say: She is expecting. She is five years gone. In addition, to wear the apron high。 bite the bullet。 to meet one39。s last home。 to be safe in the arms of Jesus。 to answer the last call。 fall asleep。 pass away。s end。t understand euphemisms39。 moreover, the population of female occupies nearly half of the whole population. So it is a necessary choice that we use English euphemisms in women39。s status in society. Respecting the women is the symbol of a society39。 to pay the debt of nature。s power and influence covered everywhere in order that Christianity’s tes became the mental norm of the society. Hence, as to the most frightening natural phenomenon, such as “dead”, people would relieve from the religion. In the meanwhile, because of the effect of religion ideas, those which replaced natural phenomenon39。 feelings or you are not allowed to say something manifest, you intentionally avoid speaking directly. Sometimes you need to talk obscurely in order to reach implicit effect. So it is the oute of social psychology factors along with pragmatic elements. From it ing into being, it has a close relation with social culture areas. To some extent, it mirrors generality and particularity of social development, social values, ethics as well as cultural nati