【正文】 him. There is no essence for him to pursue for and to shape himself. Man is not to bee a certain kind of people which is already settled before he es to the world. The individual is free to choose to be what kind of person he wants. There are no such limitations as the settled essence to follow. The authentic essence of individual lies in the actions which he shapes himself. The essence does not e before the existence. It is an essence changing all the time according to the individual’s wills and actions. Both the existence and essence of individuals are determined by the individuals themselves. Individuals are not created as what they should be, but are shaped all by themselves. Being and Nothingness In 1943 Sartre wrote a book Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. Its main purpose is to assert the individual39。nom233。202。 plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive. Playwrights monly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett, Eug232。tre de l39。 the meanings of waiting in Waiting for Godot。 The meaning of the Absent Other。文學(xué)界從不同角度分析的著作源源不斷，潺潺不息?；恼Q派戲劇經(jīng)典之作的《等待戈多》被認(rèn)為是貝克特從小說寫作到戲劇創(chuàng)作的轉(zhuǎn)折點，也被認(rèn)為是 20 世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代主義向后 現(xiàn)代主義過渡的代表作。 Existentialism。 學(xué)位論文作者簽名： 年 月 日 學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書 本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，即：學(xué)校有權(quán)保留并向國家有關(guān)部門或機構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版，允許論文被查閱和借閱。學(xué)科分類號（二級） 7405011 本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） 題 目 Waiting for the Absent Other: An Existentialistic Analysis of Waiting for Godot 不在場的他者 —— 從存在主義角度分析 《等待戈多》 姓 名 李秀才 學(xué) 號 094050113 院、 系 外國語學(xué)院 英語系 專 業(yè) 英語（師范 4） 指導(dǎo)教師 謝楠 職稱（學(xué)歷） 助教 （碩士） 2020 年 04 月 30 日 獨創(chuàng)性聲明 本人聲明所呈交的學(xué)位論文是我個人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。本人完全意識到本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人承擔(dān)。 The absent other。 正如我們所知，《等待戈多》是馬丁艾斯林荒誕派戲劇名義下的作品。這部作品同時吸引了文學(xué)界大量學(xué)者的眼球。 關(guān)鍵詞 : 《等待戈多》；不在場的他者；存在主義；荒誕 Contents 1. Introduction… ……………………………………………………………………… 1 Beckett and Waiting for Godot………………… ...........1 Sartre’s Existentialism…………………………………… ...3 Outline of the Thesis 2. Literature review……………………… …………………………………………… 3 Studies Aboard and at Home ………………………………… ..… 4 Uniqueness of the Study…………………………… .............................5 3. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………… .…… .6 The Theatre of the Absurd…………………………………… .........6 JeanPaul Stare’s Existentialism………………………………… ...........................7 4. Waiting for the Absent Other: An Existentialistic Analysis of Waiting for Godot....................................................…. ...8 Absurdity of Waiting for Godot……………… ...8 Plot…………………………………………… ..8 Illogical and Meaningless Dialogue…………………………………… ..9 .................................................................................11 Certain Spacetime Environment and Complete Structure. Waiting for the Absent Other…………… ...12 Absent Other Is Nothingness………………………………… 13 The Absent Other Is Savior…………………………………………… ..14 Absent Other Is Belief An Existentialistic Analysis of Waiting for Godot……………… .15 ………………………………………… ..16 The Meaning of Human Existence……………………… ...17 Place of God 5. Conclusion……………… …………………………………………………… ...18 References…………………………………………………………………………… 19 1. Introduction Samuel Becket and Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett (19061989) whose work offers a black, tragiic outlook on human nature was an Irish novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet. Beckett is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century, his work often coupled with black edy and gallows humor. He is considered one of the last modernists because of the influence from James Joyce. As an inspiration to many later writers, he is also sometimes considered one of the first postmodernists. He is one of the key writers in what Martin Esslin called the Theatre of the Absurd. Especially his representative work Waiting for Godot bees the classic in the genre of Theatre of the Absurd. Beckett was warded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature ―for his writing, which—— in new forms for the novel and drama,——in the destitution of modem man acquire its elevation‖ (The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969) Waiting for Godot was written in 1952, it was first published by French, and its first show was in Paris in 1953. The World War II had big influences to the play and Samuel Beckett. People around the world suffered too much from the World War II, too many people were still despair, helpless, panic, misgiving. Samuel Beckett witnessed the cruelness and inhumanity of the World War II and the spirit crisis of western people. Waiting for Godot has bee a modern classic because it gives us a human situation expressed with an emotional force. The play has a farreaching influence. As we have seen, Beckett’s dramatic and verbal art embodies vivid images of action and a profound vision of human we read Waiting for Godot, we can see images of spiritual loss, and of human sufferings. A profound sense of loss does pervade all this play. The play speaks to us of the real world, of human condition. JeanPaul Sartre’s Existentialism Here Existentialism will be a great help to analyze my has never been general agreement on the definition of Existentialism. It is generally believed that the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term was JeanPaul Sartre who did most to bring existentialism into the arts and into search of for an authentic way of life on the part of many disaffected youth of Europe and America. The Outline of the Thesis While doing my argument, the first thing I’m going to do is to introduce studies on Waiting for Godot from abroad and China. In