【正文】 ? Plus work in WPDR (Domestic Regulation Disciplines) Plus academic, research amp。 substantial removal of market access limitations for each of them is key objective UNCTAD/CDTFT 23 “Mode 4”: Impact of Pattern in Current Commitments Mode 4, least liberal ? mitments mainly horizontal ? “full bindings” almost insignificant vis a vis Modes 2 amp。 not covering measures regarding employment on a permanent basis。 Empowering Migrants for Development” Roundtable 2 “Empowering Migrants and Diaspora to Contribute to Development” ? 2020, Brussels, focusing on circular migration, . Roundtable , “ How can circular migration amp。 transport services, or other seasonal activities UNCTAD/CDTFT 19 Zooming in on Mode 4 Temporary/circular migration expected to generate particular development benefits ? Country of origin ? prodevelopment benefits, but less potential of brain drain。 potentially reap largest rewards ? but are often ignored in policy discussion Migrating individuals hope to gain through: ? access to employment ? wage differential (to sustain family at home) ? enhanced skills ? social exposure ? safer, legal migration from DCs UNCTAD/CDTFT 16 Migrants: Challenges but there are also challenges ? social disintegration amp。 potential challenges include ? loss of human capital amp。 gender empowerment (MDG) ? investment of remittances amp。 migrant ? Need to ensure movement ? that generates prodevelopment outes ? crucial: multistakeholder approach, involving sending amp。 political stability ? Balance in potential costs amp。 low skilled migration has contributed to poverty alleviation。 entry from DC by 3 per cent (Winters 2020, 2020, 2020 etc.) ? 15 – 67 % of world GDP worldwide efficiency gains ? when eliminating global restrictions on labor mobility (UNWIDER, 2020) ? global output gain USD 356 billion by 2025 ? if DC migration equal to 3 per cent of IC labour force (Worldbank, 2020) UNCTAD/CDTFT 7 INCLUDED EXCLUDED, ., Duration of stay Temporary presence as well as nonspecified periods of stay (temporary undefined in GATS, period set by host country) Permanent migration (Undefined but GATS does not apply to measures affecting residence, citizenship or employment on a permanent basis) Purpose of stay Presence of natural persons for supply of mercial services Persons seeking to access the employment market Services supplied under governmental authority Skill level All skill levels – Main categories of natural persons CSS – selfemployed CSS – employees ICTs and directly recruited foreign staff Service sellers/persons responsible for setting up mercial presence Foreign employees of domestically owned juridical persons How to Improve Data on Mode 4 ? Interagency Task Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services (OECD, EC Commission, IMF, UNCTAD, UNSD, UNWTO/OMT amp。UNCTAD/CDTFT 1 Mode 4 of the GATS Taking Stock amp。 unskilled DC workers at 3 % of IC labour force for 35 years) (Rodrik, 2020) ? USD 156 billion annually (world welfare gains) (that is % of world ine) ? if IC increase quota for workers39。 their remittances would more than offset their original low contribution to home output, so welfare of those remaining behind also rises (Winters 2020