【正文】 rses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problemsolving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of highspeed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations。搖滾樂手受到他的巨大影響，其中包括吉米在這里，科爾特蘭尼演奏了爵士樂演奏家很少使用的女高音薩克斯管，所產(chǎn)生的音樂上的效果是驚人的。在《大踏步》中，科爾特蘭尼初次以領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者角色出現(xiàn)，對他自己的作品進(jìn)行了介紹。在這中間，他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗長的獨(dú)奏，而這些獨(dú)奏基本上是圍繞著一個(gè)重復(fù)主題展開的。而后者意味著，他的節(jié)奏感之接近于搖滾樂幾乎就像其接近于比波普風(fēng) 格一樣。 科爾特蘭尼自己可能認(rèn)為爵士樂的唯一本質(zhì)特征就是即興創(chuàng)作，這是他從比波普風(fēng)格到對形式音樂、印度音樂、非洲音樂的自由即興演奏的歷程中一直沒 有改變的。而黑人薩克斯管巨匠約翰考生在解題時(shí)要重視原文作者在表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)時(shí)的遣詞造句。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)重視審題定位。 4. 【答案】 A 【考點(diǎn) 解析】本題是一道審題定位題型。本題 A、 B、 C選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容分別在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到過。另外這三個(gè)例子是按 著先后順序給出的，因此本題的正確選項(xiàng)是 C。考生在解題時(shí)，尤其是破解中心主旨題時(shí)，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。這本書的主題結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，直率、明晰的風(fēng)格例示了 5 一種冷靜而敏銳的文學(xué)評論。圖莫的《手杖》那樣的黑人小說風(fēng)格，近于表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；難道這個(gè)技巧只是用更自然主義的表現(xiàn)方式為表達(dá)流行的黑人英勇反抗命運(yùn)的主題提供一個(gè)對應(yīng)物嗎？ 盡管存在這些遺漏，羅森布萊特所做的包括他的討論，已包括了足以構(gòu)成精明而有價(jià)值的研究內(nèi)容。這些結(jié)構(gòu)與主題相關(guān)，并不讓人感到驚奇的是，它們源于這樣一個(gè)中心事實(shí)，即小說中的黑人生存在一個(gè)白人文化支配的環(huán)境中，不管他們試圖迎合這一文化還是反叛這一文化。 然而寫出為人所接受的黑人小說評論的前提是要對許多問題做出令人滿意的回答。蓋爾的最新著作，就用了公開的政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判定黑人小說的價(jià)值，按照作品中所提出的黑人個(gè)體的各觀念對每個(gè)作品進(jìn)行評價(jià)。 [參考譯文 ] 羅杰考生在解題時(shí)一定要注意英文中常見的寫作手段。這是一道較難的題目。 本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要具備利用上下段之間的關(guān)系迅速審題定位的能力，更要具備反推即逆向思維的能力。 從本題題干中的“ would have been improved”可推斷出考生要在原文中尋找到談?wù)撃骋环矫妗安蛔恪钡牡胤健?does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent the me that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and littleknown works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and perating criticism. 1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________. [A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism. [B] paring various critical approaches to a subject. [C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism. [D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism. 2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt __________. [A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction. [B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors. [C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history. [D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically. 3. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as __________. [A] pedantic and contentious. [B] critical but admiring. [C] ironic and deprecating. [D] argumentative but unfocused. 4. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT: __________. [A] rhetorical questions. [B] specific examples. [C] parison and contrast. [D] definition of terms. 5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an 3 ExColored Man most probably in order to __________. [A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism. [B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage. [C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage. [D] give a specific example of one of the acplishments of Rosenblatt’s work. [答案與考點(diǎn)解析 ] 1. 【答案】 A 【考點(diǎn)解析】 這是一道中心主旨題。 he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works — yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to fe, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the 2 style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism。 2. 【答案】 D 【考點(diǎn)解析】 這是一道審題定位與反推題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行反推，就可得出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是 D。 但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本題的正確答案 B。本題型旨在考察考生的語言基本功。選項(xiàng) D“ definition of terms”（給詞語下定義）在原文中沒有涉及，故本選項(xiàng)是正確答案?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要注意原文中某些關(guān)鍵詞的應(yīng)用和理解。 例如 ，阿狄森布萊特對黑人文學(xué)的分析揭示了黑人小說著作間的密切關(guān)系和聯(lián)系，而純粹政治研究中忽視了這些聯(lián)系。著眼于最近八十年黑人創(chuàng)作的小說，羅森布萊特揭示了小說中與時(shí)代無關(guān)而反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)和布局。這是否是一個(gè)缺陷，或者是作者這樣做是出于一種美學(xué)考慮，還是作者試圖創(chuàng)造一種不同類的美學(xué)？另外，象金約翰遜的《一個(gè)曾是有色人的自傳》。抓住這兩句話就可以找出本題的正確選項(xiàng) A。這說明第四段將講述三個(gè)例子用來說明在前一段即第三段所提出的論點(diǎn)。本題屬于比較難的題型，因?yàn)楸绢}的涉及面比較廣。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)時(shí)時(shí)牢記全文的中心主旨句。故本題 8 的正確答案應(yīng)該是 A。例如作者在第一段第四句的主語上使用了“ titanic figure”；在第五句使用了“ his influence… was immeasurable”；在最后一段的第三句使用了“ his influence… was enormous”，這都反映了作者的“ enthusiastic praise”。二十世紀(jì)八十至九十年代的新比波普派幾乎對任何其他人都進(jìn)行抨擊。在他最受歡迎的時(shí)期，科爾特蘭尼基本上放棄了比波普風(fēng)格的演奏以便探索爵士樂更深的處延，然而正是比波普風(fēng)格的演奏使得他成名。前者引導(dǎo)科爾特蘭尼走向“片狀聲響”的境界，在那里科爾特蘭尼的演奏越來越快，將音符成堆互相累放起來以表達(dá)一種堆疊起來的和諧感。戴維斯合作錄制《有幾分憂傷》時(shí)，科爾特蘭尼發(fā)現(xiàn)他已離開了波普風(fēng)格，對形式音樂進(jìn)行探索。后面這位音樂家在他的獨(dú)奏中會對其旋律進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)改變?！段业溺姁壑铩肥橇硪环N意義上的分水嶺。他的音樂變得沙啞而感性。 Model 3 [物理學(xué)類 ] 題目序號 題型歸類 第 1題 中心主旨題型 第 2題 反推題型 第 3題 細(xì)節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題型 第 4題 中心主旨題型 第 5題 細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers — using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions?？梢姳绢}的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是 B。該句中“ sh