【正文】
%. The PID adjustment steam outlet valve may the very good control dome pressure. After drives normally undulates the scope not to be big, may not consider. The transformed load undulation, the preheater boiler for the water temperature change, the boiler load undulation, dumps pollutants the quantitative change these factors to have to consider to the steam drum fluid position influence. Take the steam drum fluid position as the main tuning parameter, take gives the water current capacity as the vice accent parameter, take the steam current capacity as a forward feed, but the adjustment effect is very bad. Causes the steam drum fluid position major rises and falls. Considered this waste heat boiler controlled variable coupling small, flow simple, produces the steam quantity to be also stabler, we are inspired from in operator39。隨著國(guó)產(chǎn)優(yōu)秀可編程控制器和高速計(jì)算元件的快速發(fā)展,鍋爐控制系統(tǒng)將會(huì)更加完善。圖 6 永宏可編程序控制器 PID 部分程序舉例?,F(xiàn)在一般采用的是臨 界比例法。二是工程整定方法,它主要依賴工程經(jīng)驗(yàn),直接在控制系統(tǒng)的試驗(yàn)中進(jìn)行,且方法簡(jiǎn)單、易于掌握,在工程實(shí)際中被廣泛采用。它是根據(jù)被控過(guò)程的特性確定 PID 控制器的比例系數(shù)、積分時(shí)間和微分時(shí)間的大小。可設(shè)定范圍為 1~ 5000 Pb:比例帶 (范圍 :1~ 5000,單位為 %。一般常見(jiàn)的過(guò)程控制應(yīng)用, 開(kāi)環(huán)回路控制就可以滿足大部份的應(yīng)用要求,但隨 著使用時(shí)間、組件特性變化或受控負(fù)載或外界工作環(huán)境的變化,開(kāi)環(huán)回路控制因?yàn)闆](méi)有真實(shí)將受控程序的實(shí)際量反饋到控制器,因此控制結(jié)果可能與實(shí)際期望的結(jié)果會(huì)有些落差,閉環(huán)回路 PID 過(guò)程控制是用來(lái)克服并解決上 述缺點(diǎn)的極佳選擇。 (3) 對(duì)控制閥特性的變化具有較好的魯棒性。它包含給水流量控制回路和汽包水位控制回路兩個(gè)控制回路,實(shí)質(zhì)上是蒸汽流量前饋與水位-流量串級(jí)系統(tǒng)組成的復(fù)合控制系統(tǒng)。液位波動(dòng)范圍< 177。本項(xiàng)目廢熱鍋爐的額定負(fù)荷為 35t/ h。 圖 3 汽定水+液位前饋比值控制方案框圖 其中系數(shù) K 為汽水損失率 (給水流量與蒸汽流量的比值 ),范圍為 ~ 。以汽包液位為主調(diào)參數(shù)、以給水流量為副調(diào)參數(shù)、以蒸汽流量為前饋,但調(diào)節(jié)效果很差。5 %。在老式的鍋爐系統(tǒng)中一般采用給水泵一直以工頻方式運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),用回流閥降低水壓防止爆管,現(xiàn)在一般采用通過(guò)變頻器恒壓供水的方式控制水壓。反之,當(dāng)水位降低時(shí),調(diào)節(jié)模塊的輸出值增大,使給水閥 開(kāi)大。如果再設(shè)定時(shí),保證在穩(wěn)態(tài)下 DDk=WWk 那么就可以得到 H=G。 圖 2 三沖量調(diào)節(jié)方框圖 先通過(guò)蒸汽流量變送器和給水流量變送器取得各自的信號(hào)乘以相應(yīng)的比例系數(shù),通過(guò)比例系數(shù)可以調(diào)節(jié)蒸汽流 量或給水流量對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的影響力度。它是以水位作為水量平衡與否的控制指標(biāo),通過(guò)調(diào)整進(jìn)水量的多少來(lái)達(dá)到進(jìn) 出平衡,將汽包水位維持在汽水分離界面最大的汽包中位線附近,以提高鍋爐的蒸發(fā)效率,保證生產(chǎn)安全。采用微計(jì)算機(jī)控制,能對(duì)鍋爐進(jìn)行過(guò)程的自動(dòng)檢 測(cè)、自動(dòng)控制等多項(xiàng)功能。鍋爐是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)象,為保證提供合格的蒸汽以適應(yīng)負(fù)荷的需要,與其配套設(shè)計(jì)的控制系統(tǒng)必須滿足各主要工藝參數(shù)的需要。 2 工業(yè)鍋爐相關(guān)工藝介紹 蒸汽鍋爐是廠礦重要的動(dòng)力設(shè)備,其任務(wù)是供給合格穩(wěn)定的蒸汽,以滿足負(fù)荷的需要。若水位過(guò)高 ,影響汽水分離的效果 ,使用氣設(shè)備發(fā)生故障 。 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ): 簽名: 年 月 日 (用外文寫(xiě) ) 附件 1:外文資料翻譯譯文 PLC 在蒸汽鍋爐汽包液位 PID 控制系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用分析 來(lái)源: 錄入時(shí)間: 070610 13:22:33 English version 1 引言 工業(yè) 蒸汽鍋爐汽包水位控制的任務(wù)是控制給水流量使其與蒸發(fā)量保持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,維持汽包水位在工藝允許的范圍內(nèi),是保證鍋爐安全生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行的必要條件,也是鍋爐正常生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行的主要指標(biāo)之一。該控制系統(tǒng)通過(guò)檢測(cè)水汽壓力、溫度,汽包液位等運(yùn)行物理量,在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中全自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié),保證了工業(yè)鍋爐的安全穩(wěn)定高效運(yùn)行。某化工廠硫酸余熱鍋爐就是利用沸騰爐出來(lái)的爐氣 (主要是 SO2)溫度過(guò)高,將其作為熱交換對(duì)象,通過(guò)余熱鍋爐副 產(chǎn)中壓蒸汽供各生產(chǎn)分廠使用,既保證了生產(chǎn)需要,也達(dá)到了節(jié)能降耗的目的。它是微型計(jì)算機(jī)軟、硬件、自動(dòng)控制、鍋爐節(jié)能等幾項(xiàng)技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物,作為鍋爐控制裝置,其主要任務(wù)是保證鍋爐的安全、穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行,減輕操作人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。汽包水位控制系統(tǒng),實(shí)質(zhì)上是維持鍋爐進(jìn)出水量平衡的系統(tǒng)。具體調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程方框圖如圖 2 所示 。其中 Dk 為蒸汽流量系數(shù) Wk 為給水流量系數(shù)。當(dāng)水位升高了,則調(diào)節(jié)模塊的輸出信號(hào)就減小,使得給水調(diào)節(jié)閥關(guān)小。但在蒸汽流量未達(dá)到滿負(fù)荷時(shí),對(duì)給水流量的要求也不高。為有效利用轉(zhuǎn)換廢熱,降低消耗,減低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度 ,有利于整體工藝穩(wěn)定,要求汽包液位自動(dòng)控制,正常生產(chǎn)時(shí)波動(dòng)應(yīng)小于 177。轉(zhuǎn)化負(fù)荷波動(dòng)、出預(yù)熱器鍋爐給水溫度變化、鍋爐負(fù)荷波動(dòng)、排污量變化這幾個(gè)因素對(duì)汽包液位的影響必須考慮。因 此我們選用 “以汽定水+液位前饋 ”比值控制方案,方案框圖如圖 3 所示。液位前饋系數(shù)與鍋爐額定負(fù)荷密切相關(guān),一般是額定負(fù)荷越大前饋系數(shù)也越大。圖 4 為 實(shí)時(shí)液位記錄曲線,其中記錄了負(fù)荷擾動(dòng)情況。當(dāng)水位控制和主蒸汽溫度控制發(fā)生矛盾時(shí),可根據(jù)矛盾的主要方面進(jìn)行兩者的協(xié)調(diào)控制。 (2) 由于副回路的存在減少了相位滯后,從而改善了主回路的響應(yīng)速度。也可以不用副回路只用主回路形成單回路調(diào)解,或手動(dòng)操作完成。 圖 5 典型閉環(huán)回路程控示意圖 根據(jù)應(yīng)用要求,用戶將 PID 控制器設(shè)定成比例 +積分 +微分控制 器,其控制器的數(shù)字化數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式如下 : Mn:“n”時(shí)的控制輸出量 D4005:增益常數(shù),默認(rèn)值為 1000。 PID 控制器的參數(shù)整定是控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的核心內(nèi)容。這種方法所得到的計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)未必可以直接用,還必須通過(guò)工程實(shí)際進(jìn)行調(diào)整和修改。但無(wú)論采用哪一種方法所得到的控制器參數(shù),都需要在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中進(jìn)行最后調(diào)整與完善。 (3) 在一定的控制度下通過(guò)公式計(jì)算得到 PID 控制器的參數(shù)。該系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化程度較高,大大降低了操作者勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,降低了成本,經(jīng)過(guò)近 2 年的運(yùn)行,用戶給予 了很高評(píng)價(jià),認(rèn)為利用國(guó)產(chǎn)永宏 PLC 開(kāi)發(fā)的控制系統(tǒng)功能完善,綜合性強(qiáng),人機(jī)界面友好,實(shí)用性好。s labor intensity. Uses the micro puter control, can carry on the process to the boiler the automatic detection, the automatic control and so on many functions. It is adjusted the quantity is the steam drum water level, but adjusts the quantity is for the water current capacity, through to gives the water current capacity the adjustment, enables the steam drum interior the material to achieve the dynamical equilibrium, changes in the permission scope, although the boiler steam drum water level assumes the positive characteristic to the vapor current capacity and for the fluent quantity change response, but when load (vapor current capacity) sharp growth, performance actually similar counter response characteristic, namely socalled false water level. Creates this reason is because time load increase, causes the dome pressure to drop, causes the steam drum 內(nèi)水 boiling temperature to drop, the water ebullition suddenly intensifies, forms the massive steam bubbles, but makes the water level to raise. The steam drum water monitor system, in the essence is maintains the boiler turnover water volume balance the system. It is by the water level took the water volume balance or not control target, through adjusts the water volume how many to achieve the turnover balance, maintains the steam drum water level in the soft drink separation contact surface biggest steam drum nearby the position line, enhances the boiler the vaporization efficiency, the guarantee production safety. Because the boiler water level system is equipped with the balance of the ability to control the object, in the movement has the false water level phenomenon, in the practical application may use the water level single impulse, the water level steam quantity double impulse and the water level, the steam quantity according to the situation, gives the water volume three impulses the control systems. The socalled three impulses governing system is gives water current capacity W, steam drum water level H, the steam current capacity D three variables adjusts after the operation gives the water valve the governing system. Concrete adjustment process block diagram like chart 2 shows. Chart 2 impulse adjustment block diagram First and obtains respective signal through vapor stream quantitative change delivering for fluent quantitative change delivering while by the corresponding scaleup factor, may adjust the steam current capacity through the scaleup factor or give the water current capacity to the governing system influence dynam