【正文】 s own process description language normally generated in standard spreadsheet programs or in other office applications. So, a uniform, clear, and integrated process description format simply does not exist. Errorcausing misunderstandings – especially regarding the later PLC software generation – are the logical consequences of these individual and often ambiguous process descriptions. To remedy this, a clear and universally applicable process plan was developed. This integrated process plan is refined step by step in the planning succession. Finally, it contains all process information from the production planning, mechanical design, robotics and control engineering. Thus, the digital process plan is a simple working medium bining the task results of the involved departments which add their specific contribution to the process design. Furthermore, the process plan has the function as clear and overall documentation medium as well as central munication platform between the different departments. To sum up, Figure 1 portrays the most important goals of the use of an integrated process plan. The integrated process plan describes the production process flow with sequential and parallel processes in a graphical way. So, there are analogies to Sequential Function Charts regarding to IEC 611313. But to generate adequate PLC programs automatically from the integrated process plan, additional process elements and attributes are needed. . Process elements and requirements from IEC 611313 A SFC according to IEC 611313 consists of steps, transitions as well as parallel and alternative logics. So the process plan with sequential and parallel processes has to be refined with logical elements done by the control engineer. Furthermore, a classification in manual and automated processes is necessary because not all processes in the cellspecific production flow are relevant for the later PLC program. Automated processes again have to be divided into robotcontrolled and PLCdriven activities. Additional to these general properties for all process elements, elementspecific attributes are necessary. So for example for alternative and parallel logics the number of branches is required as well as the identification whether they are start or end 2 shows an overview of the required process Elements. Moreover bination of different elements in the process plan has to follow the rules of the IEC 611313, especially the standard for SFC. That means PLCrelevant activities and transitions have to alternate in the process plan. An alternative logic starts after an activity, followed by transitions. Contrary after a start of a parallel logic activities have to follow. The detailed bining rules can be found in [12] or in IEC 611313. . Connection between processes and resources Parallel to the process planning, the resource design takes place. Standardized resource elements for the body shop like clamps, sensors, and valves are stored in libraries. In [13] an approach is described to enhance these mechanical resource elements with electrical and logical information. Among other things resource specific PLC function blocks belong to these logical information. The function blocks describe the resource behavior in the PLC program. Furthermore they contain all necessary I/Osignals from the resource. During the resource design these internal standardized I/Osignals are mapped to cellspecific, nonambiguous signals so that all signal names appear only one time in the whole resource model. In the integrated process plan the several resources with their PLC function blocks are linked to the corresponding process elements. Thus every process “knows” on which resource it is carried out. For example, for a clamping process one valve and at least one clamp are required. Today the connection between processes and resources is used for processdriven simulation studies。 譯文選自《新興技術(shù)和工廠自動(dòng)化》， 2020 年 From Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2020. Automated PLC Software Generation Based on Standardized Digital Process Information Martin Bergert, Christian Diedrich Magdeburg University Institute of Automation Technology (IFAT) Magdeburg / Germany Jens Kiefer, Thomas B228。為了未來(lái)生產(chǎn)的實(shí)用性要求軟件生產(chǎn)商開(kāi)放這樣的接口。這些元素符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可從規(guī)劃數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中獲取。 他們也可以 從一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 中獲取并從那 插入 PLC 項(xiàng)目。 圖 4． DPE 中的進(jìn)程規(guī)劃和元素特性 ?5． 2． XML和統(tǒng)一 附帶數(shù)字規(guī)劃信息的 自動(dòng) 化 PLC 軟件生成，要求在規(guī)劃及 PLC 編程工具間有開(kāi)放的接口， 施耐德電氣一個(gè)清晰的和容易理解 XML 接口很好的體現(xiàn)了其統(tǒng)一性， 因此它是用于 當(dāng)前的概念的 原型實(shí)現(xiàn) 。下降” 同時(shí)產(chǎn)生， 幾個(gè) 過(guò)程 因素 的性能可以通過(guò)對(duì)話框 編輯 。在 配置工具 的幫助下，以新的進(jìn)程元素 提高數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ， 對(duì)現(xiàn)有的元素 定義新的屬性都是可實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 圖 3．從進(jìn)程規(guī)劃到 SFC Q：質(zhì)疑 FB：功能塊 BO：布爾操作數(shù) 聯(lián)合的進(jìn)程與資源模型 PLC 程序（ SFC 和功能塊） 活動(dòng) 1 特點(diǎn) 資源 過(guò)渡 1 特點(diǎn) 資源 BO 步驟 1 PLCFB Q 變量 1 BO 變量 2 變量 Q 變量 變量 PLCFB 這些功能塊通常是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試的，對(duì)大多數(shù)資源部件可用，因此，只有為了之后 PLC 軟件生成在進(jìn)程序列與 PLC 功能塊之間的聯(lián)系是由 連接 進(jìn)程和資源建立的。出口工具也 要 識(shí)別 在接下來(lái)的過(guò)渡中資源的 哪 些輸出信號(hào) 要被質(zhì)疑。在 一個(gè)遵循 IEC 611313 的 PLC 程序中這是由在 SFC 中調(diào)用的特定功能塊的輸入 /輸出信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 ?4． 5． PLC軟件生成 專用單元進(jìn)程規(guī)劃是由涉及 生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃過(guò)程的不同部門(mén)合作， 在管理層 進(jìn)程中完成的，因此進(jìn)程規(guī)劃包含這些部門(mén)所有進(jìn)程相關(guān)的規(guī)劃結(jié)果。 在集成的進(jìn)程規(guī)劃中有 PLC 功能塊的這 幾種資源 聯(lián)系到相應(yīng)的進(jìn)程元素上，這樣每道工序“知道” 執(zhí)行的是什么資源 。在 [13]的 給出了 一個(gè) 用電氣和邏輯信息提高技術(shù)資源要素的 方法 ，在其他事情上 專用資源 PLC 功能塊屬于這些邏輯信息。那意味著 PLC 相關(guān)的活動(dòng)狀態(tài)和轉(zhuǎn)換必須在進(jìn)程規(guī)劃中輪換。自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程還需分為機(jī)器控制和 PLC 驅(qū)動(dòng)作業(yè)， 另外， 對(duì)所有過(guò)程元件 的通用性質(zhì)，專用的元件的屬性是必要的。 圖 1．使用集成進(jìn)程規(guī)劃的目標(biāo) 集成的進(jìn)程規(guī)劃以圖形的方式描述了串行和并行生產(chǎn)的 工藝流程 ，因此，參考IEC 61131 給出了相似的序列功能表，但是從集成的進(jìn)程規(guī)劃中自動(dòng)生成足夠的 PLC程序，還需要 額外的進(jìn)程元素和屬性。 最后 ， 它包含所有過(guò)程信息 從 生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)器人和控制工程。 目前 ,每個(gè) 進(jìn)程規(guī)劃 部門(mén)(例如， 生產(chǎn) 規(guī)劃 、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)器人 )使用自己在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的列表項(xiàng)目或在其它辦公軟件生成的進(jìn)程描述 語(yǔ)言 ， 所以 ,一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的、清晰、集成過(guò)程 描述 格式 并不 存在。 ?4． 1． 數(shù)字 化工廠 數(shù)字化 產(chǎn)品 和 數(shù)字化工廠 是加速整個(gè)產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程的兩個(gè)主要概念， 而 數(shù)字化 產(chǎn)品是 一個(gè) 產(chǎn)品 完整的 機(jī)械處理能力 的 代表 ，使其在 開(kāi)發(fā)階段 優(yōu)化 自身 性能 ， 數(shù)字化工廠代表了一套相 關(guān)聯(lián) 的產(chǎn)品、過(guò)程、資源模型 使得所有的制造過(guò)程得到控制并在時(shí)間和費(fèi)用上最優(yōu)化。 ?可維護(hù)的 PLC 程序代碼 必須以可讀易理解的格式來(lái)生成 PLC 代碼以便未來(lái)在軟件代碼上的更改，因此，圖形化 SFC 或 FBD（ FBD：功能框圖）比隱秘語(yǔ)言 IL 合適的多。 ?利用現(xiàn)有的 規(guī)劃結(jié)果 為了避免重復(fù)的數(shù)據(jù)輸入以及在從一個(gè)規(guī)劃工具到另一個(gè) 規(guī)劃工具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 傳輸規(guī)劃結(jié)果時(shí)的信息丟失，工具和數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化格