【正文】 formation, such as the card issuer?s name, was printed on the surface while personal data elements, such as the cardholder?s name and the card number were embossed. Further more, many cards bad a signature field. Protection against forgery was provided by visual features. Therefore, the system?s security depended pletely on the retail staff accepting the cards. However, this was not an overwhelming problem due to the card?s initial exclusivity. There was a pressing need for machinereadable cards to reduce handling cost in addition to the fact that card issuer?s losses due grew from year to year due to fraud [2]. The first improvement consisted of a magic strip on the back of the card. This allowed digital data to be stored on the card in a machinereadable form as a supplement to the visual data. Additionally, security is enhanced by the use of a secret personal identification number (PIN) that is pared to a reference number stored in the magic strip [3]. Although the embossed card with a magic strip is still the most monly used type of payment card, they suffer from a severe weakness in that data stored on the strip can be read, deleted and rewritten by anyone with access to the appropriate equipment. 3 PIN must be stored in the host system in a secure environment, instead of on the magic strip. Most systems that employ magic strip cards have online connections to the system?s host puter for security reasons. However, this generates considerable data transmission costs. The development of the smart card, bined with the expansion of electronic data processing has created pletely new possibilities for solving this problem. Progress in microelectronics in the 1970?s made it possible to integrate data storage and arithmetic logic on a single silicon chip measuring a few square millimeters [2]. The ideas of incorporating such an integrated circuit into an ID card was contained in a patent application filed in Japan by Kunitaka Arimura in Japan concerning “a plastic card incorporating one or more integrated circuit chips for the generationof distinguishing signals” in1970 [3]. However, the first real progress in the development of smart cards came when Ronal Moreno registered his smart card patent on “an independent electronic object with memory” in France in 1974. A breakthrough was achieved in 1984, when the French telemunication authorities decided to use prepaid chip cards for public pay phones due to the increasing vandalism and theft. Chip cards were demonstrated to be a cost effective solution. The French example was followed by many other countries. Today, more than 100 countries use chip cards for their public phone systems. By 1990 the total number of smart cards reached 60 million cards [4]. Today, several billion smart cards are in use worldwide. 3. Types of Smart Cards Smart cards are posed of a chip, an interface between the chip and the card reader, and a plastic body. Smart cards are classified according to the chip type。s server. There are several ponents of the CMC. Card Management Center The function of the card issuing System (CIS) is to capture the digital photograph and the biometrics template of the cardholder [671. As can be seen in , the CIS consists of a card printer, biometrics scanner, digital camera, and a workstation. The CIS workstation is connected to the work to access the databases for the req