【正文】 it help to reduce poverty? And are countries that integrate with the global economy inevitably vulnerable to instability? These are some of the questions covered in the following sections. What Is Globalization? Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here. At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has e into mon usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and quicker to plete international transactions—both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity—village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. Markets promote efficiency through petition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international munity as they do so. Does Globalization Increase Poverty and Inequality? During the 20th century, global average per capita ine rose strongly, but with considerable variation among countries. It is clear that the ine gap between rich and poor countries has been widening for many decades. The most recent World Economic Outlook studies 42 countries (representing almost 90 percent of world population) for which data are available for the entire 20th century. It reaches the conclusion that output per capita has risen appreciably but that the distribution of ine among countries has bee more unequal than at the beginning of the century. But ines do not tell the whole story。 and The Flat Tax (1996). Armey was a strong believer in the policies of Ronald Reagan and he knew the President needed reinforcements in Congress. He was first elected to Congress in 1984 and went to Washington in 1985 as a novice. Armey quickly made a name for himself in Washington as a member dedicated to good public policy based on conservative principles. During his second term, Armey passed landmark legislation that would first bring him national attention. Armey succeeded in crafting and passing unique legislation to close down obsolete military bases. As a result of Armey’s work, more than 100 obsolete bases were closed, saving the taxpayers $4 billion per year. The 1990 budget battle had another more profound effect on Dick Armey. He realized that he and the dominant philosophy he represented would continue to be ignored so long as those beliefs were not present in the room when key decisions were made. After careful consideration, in June of 1992, Armey decided to seek a place in the Republican leadership as Conference Chairman. In December 1992, Armey won his race 88 84. Armey ran for Majority Leader in the 104th Congress. He was unopposed for the Leader’s post. Upon taking office Armey delivered the line he has repeated often since, “The American people didn’t give us power, they gave us responsibility.” “The health of our economy and our markets depends on trust. And when that trust is broken—when corporate crooks lie and break the law— they should go to jail,” said House Majority Leader Dick Armey of Texas. Ⅱ . Language points 1. Globalization is steadily and inexorably knitting separate national economies into a single world economy. () Globalization is steadily and unstoppably integrating separate national economies into a single world economy. inexorable a. continuing unstoppably, relentless . inexorable demands, laws etc. 2. Basic economic forces so far have outweighed political efforts to slow this trend. () Until now, basic economic forces have been greater in importance than political efforts to make this trend slow. outweigh v. be greater in weight, value or importance than . The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 3. Efforts to buck the effects of economic integration have ranged from anti globalization protests to Congressional efforts to prevent American panies from reincorporating abroad. ( ) Efforts to oppose the effects of economic integration have extended from anti globalization protests to Congressional efforts to prevent American panies from forming new corporations in foreign countries. buck v. (usu. informal) resist or oppose (sb./sth.) . A few industrialists tried to buck the conservation movement in the 1960s. range from A to B/between A and B vary or extend between specified limits . These children’s ages range from 9 to 13. The frontier ranges from the northern hills to the southern coast. 4. Those trends have been spurred by the deregulation of financial markets, reductions in trade barriers, and lower Communication costs. ( ) Those tendencies towards economic globalization have been stimulated by removing the regulation from financial markets, reducing trade barriers and decreasing munication costs. spur v. strongly encourage sb./sth. to do better, achieve more, etc.。 emphasize . The TV program highlights the problems of the unemployed. mergev. (esp. merce) (cause two thing