【正文】 e greatly improved, the workers worked still was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the ，眼睛緊盯著黑板。 leave.）比較：動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。（兩個動作同時進行）The food cooked, the boy went to ，小孩去睡了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were ：在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的ing形式或ed形式。= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are boy was walking, with his father ，小孩在后走著。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to the signal given, the train ，火車開始起動了。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it anyone noticing, he slipped through the ，從窗口溜走了。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting 。1．表示時間 Night ing on, we put ourselves up in a small ，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newlyelected president is having a hard time.）There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at ，他只好步行回家。（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞。（= The strange man was walking down the stre?！菊`】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their ，他們繼續(xù)趕路。（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a ，你可以休息。（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi ，格雷斯打的回家了。在形式上，“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to kid feels excited with so many places of interest to ，小孩很激動。= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not ． with+名詞代詞+動詞的ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around ，那男子感到很高興。= He stood at the door, and a puter was in his sat at the desk, with a pen in his Vincent sat at the desk, pen in ，嘴里銜著一支筆。With his father wellknown, the boy didn’t want to ，兒子不想讀書。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows 。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things ，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。 ，他休了兩個月的假。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read ，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the ，我愿工作到深夜。（相當于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：含有being的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）1． 表示時間的ing形式作“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his ，老師開始上課。（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more ，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。（= As his mother is to e tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ —— many exercisebooks to check, I really can39。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to ．不定式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the ，他把鑰匙鎖在車里了七、非謂語動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。to cut a long story short。有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。judging from。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more ，花園更漂亮。（借此結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）The last guest to arrive, our party was ，我們的晚會開始了。（無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）The old man sat in his chair, his eyes ，閉著眼睛。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：—ing 分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；—ed分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一、概念：“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型1）Doing...+ is an 。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。(注)：①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to e．The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(時間)Reading carefully，you39。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overe ，我們必須設(shè)法克服。He went out shutting the door behind 。3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frownup, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, muchtraveled, newlyarrived, recentlye(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系 一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。He rushed into the burning house．他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。s try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg