【正文】 funds for our research project that involves primary data collection and econometric analysis of the interdependencies between governmental policies and farmland unique dataset contains socioeconomic, demographic and spatial geographic 2010 data for 39 municipal districts in the Moscow metropolitan econometric analysis of this data set is used to explore the relationship among farmland quantity, its assessed value, the share of privatized farmland, farmland tax,and landuse zoning in the simultaneous equations the Russian market for real estate has developed quickly, the market for agricultural land is still deals are limited, partly because of the lingering uncertainty about farmland property stateowned farmland is still Moscow regional data suggest a strong positive relationship between the fraction of privatized farmland and farmland acreage, although the fraction of individually and collectively privatized farmland is only 57 %.The direct sale of farmland to foreigners is prohibited decreasing potential foreign investment as a result, the area occupied by agricultural lands has been steadily decreasing and deteriorating in the period 1990 to 2005, tillable lands in Russia have shrunk by million hectares( % of tillable lands).Lacking experience and adequate knowledge, local governments are stuck with the land conservation policies available to the former particular, in an attempt to contain the loss of prime farmland, the regulators retain old landuse zoning laws prohibiting the change of land , strong development pressures and widespread corruption often annihilate the desirable effect of results of our econometric analysis indicate that the proximity to Moscow city and population growth both have a significant negative effect on the amount of farmland, even in the strictlyzonedfor agriculture districts, suggesting strong urban pressure in the capital region of estimated elasticity of farmland acreage with respect to population growth is ? corrupt practice of illegal changes in land status is reflected in the fact that the lands still classified as farmland in the Federal Register of Land are turned into residential or industrial signals a management problem which could be perhaps resolved by the introduction of more flexible zoning and an increase in the range of responsibilities of local governments and their property rights to other economic instrument indispensable in land policy, land assessment, is also based on the former practices of the Communist period following a federally mandated general formula that takes into account soil productivity criteria, topographic features of the landscape, and the presence of irrigation, but still has little in mon with the market price of the agricultural land tax is calculated as the percentage of the assessed value of farmland, which is often below its real market value, local authorities are not interested in developing local agricultural infrastructure or increasing agricultural land base because they will not be able to reap any significant tax benefits from with the low federally mandated upper limits on tax rates( % of the assessed value of agricultural and residential lands)this leads to insufficient local tax revenues and overreliance on intergovernmental to our data for the Moscow region, although localities tend to impose the maximum allowable tax rate, the average share of land tax revenues in local budgets is a mere 5 %.It is not surprising as the average assessed value of farmland across municipalities is 1000 times less than the ongoing average sales price, according to data we insignificant local land tax revenues caused by the underestimated land value lead to insufficient local infrastructure investment, which further suppresses the value of farmland and hastens its results of the econometric analysis indicate lack of statistical significance between the assessed value of farmland and farmland quantity in the Moscow region, making the farmland tax rate an ineffective instrument in land missing link between the farmland quantity and existing land policies may render these policies not just ineffective but even approaches such as the retention of development rights by the government might represent a temporary increasing reliance on local governance in solvinglocal problems would imply improved landuse and public finance planning and,perhaps, a slower farmland conversion Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。凍膠分類C10。我們的結(jié)論是，土地監(jiān)管滯后于俄羅斯轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的新市場(chǎng)趨勢(shì)。2010年莫斯科都市地區(qū)39個(gè)市轄區(qū)的地理數(shù)據(jù)。國(guó)有農(nóng)田仍然很重要。在1990年至2005年期間，俄羅斯的可耕種土地減少了1050萬(wàn)公頃(%)。我們的計(jì)量分析結(jié)果表明，靠近莫斯科城市和人口增長(zhǎng)對(duì)農(nóng)田的數(shù)量有顯著的負(fù)面影響，即使是在嚴(yán)格的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，這表明莫斯科的首都地區(qū)的城市壓力很大。其他經(jīng)濟(jì)工具不可或缺的土地政策、土地評(píng)估,也是基于前實(shí)踐后共產(chǎn)主義時(shí)期的聯(lián)邦法律規(guī)定的一般公式,考慮土壤生產(chǎn)力標(biāo)準(zhǔn),地貌景觀的灌溉的存在,但仍然沒(méi)有與市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的農(nóng)田。據(jù)我們收集的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，由于各城市的農(nóng)田平均分?jǐn)們r(jià)值比目前的平均銷售價(jià)格低1000倍，這并不令人驚訝。政府保留發(fā)展權(quán)利等創(chuàng)新辦法可能是一種臨時(shí)解決辦法。通過(guò)人臉的相變引起的體積膨脹為面心立方（FCC）為體心立方（BCC）和體心四方（BCT）馬氏體的形成導(dǎo)致相變誘導(dǎo)株的整體應(yīng)力熱沖壓的車身部件的計(jì)算是很重要的。核部件通常采用電弧焊接工藝，但與設(shè)計(jì)為未來(lái)的新建設(shè)項(xiàng)目超過(guò)60年的生活，新的焊接技術(shù)正在尋求。初步結(jié)果表明，激光焊接工藝可以無(wú)宏觀缺陷的焊縫，激光焊接的強(qiáng)度和韌性在這項(xiàng)研究中的聯(lián)合，得到的值，在焊接的母材條件。SA508鋼已經(jīng)用于許多RPV?的壓水反應(yīng)堆制造因?yàn)樗麄兲峁┑慕Y(jié)合強(qiáng)度，延展性好，斷裂韌性，相對(duì)于機(jī)械性能的均勻性，和他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)[ 9 ]、[ 10 ]、[ 11 ]和[ 12 ]。在版本243。Murty等人。這將是復(fù)合的，如果更多的焊接通道和添加更多的填充材料是必需的，由于就業(yè)的更廣泛的焊接槽，這些因素也可能有助于增加生產(chǎn)成本。事實(shí)上，激光焊接到中等厚的部分奧氏體不銹鋼的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)探討過(guò)。[ 21 ]成功焊接了20毫米厚的316不銹鋼使用1千瓦IPG單模光纖激光器的超窄間隙（ mm間隙寬度），雙方采用多道窄間隙焊接的方法。在焊接過(guò)程中的溫度歷史可以記錄使用熱電偶。在本研究中，單次自體激光焊接是參加SA508條款3鋼板。數(shù)值的解決方案是使用商業(yè)軟件ANSYS生成，并與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較，驗(yàn)證了數(shù)值模型。材料與實(shí)驗(yàn)程序作為收到的基體材料（BM）在這項(xiàng)研究中使用的是調(diào)質(zhì)SA508 。MS（馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變開(kāi)始溫度在420 C）176。C和800176。基體材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)（BM）是一個(gè)暴躁的上貝氏體結(jié)構(gòu)。實(shí)驗(yàn)使用連續(xù)波光纖激光器進(jìn)行（IPG yls16000）與一個(gè)16千瓦的最大功率。激光頭安裝在一個(gè)六軸庫(kù)卡機(jī)器人。噴砂處理后，用丙酮清洗表面，然后將基體材料固定，以保證充分的約束。表面硬度測(cè)量使用Struers duramin2維氏顯微硬度計(jì)進(jìn)行。并在BM 。這些沖擊試樣的寬度是由板塊焊接厚度的限制，即6毫米。焊接鋼筋的臉和根部焊縫試樣的地區(qū)由手工打磨砂紙?jiān)诶旌拖谋葲_擊試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行刪除。C、0 C和176。最初的試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了使用珠的板的配置，而不是加入兩個(gè)不同的板，以優(yōu)化焊接參數(shù)。激光頭由8個(gè)傾斜傾斜，以防止反射。優(yōu)化的焊接參數(shù)在表2中概述。與2毫米的厚度板被用在GTA焊接固有的淺層滲透，雙面焊接進(jìn)行了。宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)特征SA508鋼焊接接頭的自體激光對(duì)接結(jié)構(gòu)，采用優(yōu)化的參數(shù)，如圖5所示。熔合區(qū)由粗大的柱狀枝晶顆粒組成，其與垂直于熔合邊界的方向?qū)?zhǔn)。一個(gè)宏觀部分通過(guò)手工自體GTA焊接2毫米厚的SA508鋼如圖6所示。微觀結(jié)構(gòu)特征焊接接頭各子區(qū)域內(nèi)的顯微組織演變主要由焊接熱循環(huán)過(guò)程中的峰值溫度和每個(gè)相應(yīng)的子區(qū)域的冷卻速度[ 27 ]和[ 28 ]確定。在基姆等人的工作中。在粗晶區(qū)，顯微組織由馬氏體和回火馬氏體粗粒度的汽車，而在融合區(qū)，粗大的馬氏體和自動(dòng)觀察回火馬氏體。在熔合區(qū)的硬度略高于激光焊接試樣的焊接熱影響區(qū)。室溫拉伸行為