【正文】 sts that firms may also be able to reduce risks and increase valuewith financial policies such as hedging with financial thisresearch is often motivated by substantial deadweight costs associated with financialdistress or other market imperfections associated with financial provides conflicting accounts of how costly financial distress can be for atypical publicly traded attempt to directly address the roles of economic and financial risk byexamining determinants of total firm our analysis we utilize a large sample ofnonfinancial firms in the United goal of identifying the most importantdeterminants of equity price risk volatility relies on viewing financial policy astransforming asset volatility into equity volatility via financial the paper we consider financial leverage as the wedge between assetvolatility and equity example in a static setting debt provides financialleverage that magnifies operating cash flow financial policy isdetermined by owners and managers we are careful to examine the effects of firms’asset and operating characteristics on financial we examine avariety of characteristics suggested by previous research and as clearly as possibledistinguish between those associated of the pany( determining economic risk)and those associated with financing the firm( determining financial risk).We then allow economic risk to be a determinant of financial policy in the structural framework of Leland and Toft(1996),or alternatively, in a reduced form model of financial advantage of the structural model approach is that we are able to account for both the possibility of financial and operatingimplciations ofsome factors(),as well as the endogenous nature of the bankruptcy decision andfinancialpolicy in proxy for firm risk is the volantility if monstock returns derived from calculating the standard deviation of daliyequity proxies for econmic risk are designed to capture the essentialcharactersiticsof the firm’s operations and assets that determine the cash flow generating process for the example,firm size and age provide measures of line of –businessmaturity。頁面設(shè)置和字體設(shè)置按照上述文檔格式要求編輯。頁面設(shè)置和字體設(shè)置按照上述文檔格式要求編輯。文獻(xiàn)引用用方括號(hào)[ ]括起來置于引用詞的右上角；（6）綜述中要有自己的觀點(diǎn)和見解。二、文獻(xiàn)綜述文獻(xiàn)綜述要求字?jǐn)?shù)在4000字以上，采用學(xué)院統(tǒng)一格式，文檔標(biāo)題根據(jù)題目類型，標(biāo)題用“嘉興學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述”或“嘉興學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述”。一級(jí)標(biāo)題采用楷體_gb2312，四號(hào)字體，加粗，左側(cè)頂格。文檔網(wǎng)絡(luò)，每行42字符，每頁40行；段落格式為：多陪行距，段前、段后均為0磅。調(diào)研（開題）報(bào)告可適度有一些參考文獻(xiàn)，主要是關(guān)于同類研究的工程進(jìn)展和異同點(diǎn)，以及對(duì)擬完成的設(shè)計(jì)借鑒意義。如何解決問題 發(fā)展壯大我國多晶硅產(chǎn)業(yè)的市場(chǎng)條件已經(jīng)基本具備、時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟，篇四：調(diào)研報(bào)告和外文翻譯格式畢 業(yè)設(shè) 計(jì)調(diào)研（開題）報(bào)告題 目: 院系名稱： 土木建筑學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí)：工程管理040班學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：日 1．調(diào)研（開題）報(bào)告適合于工程管理專業(yè)完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)類題目的學(xué)生（招投標(biāo)文件編制、施工組織設(shè)計(jì)、工程量清單、可行性研究等），并作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。地方政府和企業(yè)項(xiàng)目投資多晶硅項(xiàng)目，存在低水平重復(fù)建設(shè)的隱憂。 上游硅材料企業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小。光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的從供應(yīng)鏈角度所存在的問題概括來說，是以下3種情況。在剛剛過去的2007年，多晶硅引起了市場(chǎng)的充分關(guān)注。按純度要求不同，分為電子級(jí)和太陽能級(jí)。光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈的基本情況整個(gè)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)主要包括多晶硅原料、太陽能電池、集成組件、發(fā)電工程四個(gè)相關(guān)的行業(yè)。世界各國都對(duì)太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)給予了前所未有的重視。面對(duì)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)“兩頭在外”的尷尬局面，即原料的采購和產(chǎn)品的銷售很大程度上依存于國外市場(chǎng)，本文從供應(yīng)鏈的角度，利用圖書資料、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息、企業(yè)調(diào)查等方法，探求中國光伏企業(yè)的未來發(fā)展方向，最后又以南京中電集團(tuán)為例，簡(jiǎn)述該企業(yè)在光伏行業(yè)中未來的發(fā)展之路。3．文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)包括綜述題目、綜述正文、文獻(xiàn)資料等幾方面內(nèi)容。8．文獻(xiàn)綜述所用的文獻(xiàn)，與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的論題直接相關(guān)，與畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的參考文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量完全一致；重要論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)不得以教材、非學(xué)術(shù)性文獻(xiàn)、未發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)作為參考文獻(xiàn)，應(yīng)主要選自學(xué)術(shù)期刊或?qū)W術(shù)會(huì)議的文章，其次是教科書或其他書籍。4．文獻(xiàn)綜述結(jié)果要說清前人工作的不足，襯托出作進(jìn)一步研究的必要性和理論價(jià)值?？傊鶕?jù)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的具體情況撰寫，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）所采用的全部參考文獻(xiàn)分類、歸納、分析、比較、評(píng)述，應(yīng)特別注意對(duì)主流、權(quán)威文獻(xiàn)學(xué)術(shù)成果的引用和評(píng)述，注意發(fā)現(xiàn)已有成果的不足。二、撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的基本注意事項(xiàng)文獻(xiàn)綜述是一篇相對(duì)獨(dú)立的綜述性學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告，包括題目、前言、正文、總結(jié)等幾個(gè)部分。篇三：畢業(yè)論文的選題報(bào)告、外文翻譯及文獻(xiàn)綜述的格式和要求機(jī)械與材料工程學(xué)院關(guān)于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述的寫作要求為了進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化學(xué)生搜集文獻(xiàn)資料的能力，熟悉專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)資料查找和資料積累方法，提高對(duì)文獻(xiàn)資料的歸納、分析、綜合運(yùn)用能力，提高獨(dú)立工作能力和科研能力，并為科研活動(dòng)奠定扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。文檔標(biāo)題根據(jù)題目類型，標(biāo)題用“嘉興學(xué)院南湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯”或“嘉興學(xué)院南湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯”。文檔標(biāo)題根據(jù)題目類型，標(biāo)題用“嘉興學(xué)院南湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告”或“嘉興學(xué)院南湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告”。（1）文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)包括綜述題目、綜述正文、文獻(xiàn)資料等幾方面內(nèi)容；（2）文獻(xiàn)綜述時(shí)，應(yīng)系統(tǒng)地查閱與自己的研究方向有關(guān)的國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)，通常閱讀文獻(xiàn)不少于15篇，其中外文文獻(xiàn)不少于2篇；（3）文獻(xiàn)綜述中，學(xué)生應(yīng)說明自己研究方向的發(fā)展歷史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的問題及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等；（4）文獻(xiàn)綜述要條理清晰，文字通順簡(jiǎn)練；（5）資料運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)、合理。正文采用小四號(hào)宋體字，數(shù)字用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，字母和數(shù)字用times new roman。文檔標(biāo)題采用楷體_gb2312，三號(hào)字體，加粗，居中。第三篇：外文文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告格式科技文獻(xiàn)檢索報(bào)告 篇二：文獻(xiàn)綜述、開題報(bào)告、外文翻譯格式要求暨模板文獻(xiàn)綜述、開題報(bào)告、外文翻譯格式要求一、文檔格式 紙張統(tǒng)一用a4紙，頁面設(shè)置：上：；下：；左：；右：；頁眉：；頁腳：。強(qiáng)制性HACCP可能結(jié)合成品性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。HACCP 系統(tǒng)明確保證安全中心責(zé)任屬于公司；從直接檢驗(yàn)之上，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的工作經(jīng)常被轉(zhuǎn)移到監(jiān)督為公司的操作提供其 HACCP 計(jì)劃。在上世紀(jì)90年代，發(fā)達(dá)國家作出強(qiáng)烈轉(zhuǎn)向要求保證食品安全的危害分析關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)(HACCP)方法。例如，歐洲聯(lián)盟、美國和其他國家制定了嚴(yán)格的飼養(yǎng)限制，以避免瘋牛病傳播。首先，在許多情況下以前是如何規(guī)定食品安全的屬性被提升至到更精確和更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種方法稱為“農(nóng)場(chǎng)到餐桌”或“農(nóng)場(chǎng)到餐桌”分析。標(biāo)簽的指示最終會(huì)使消費(fèi)者對(duì)正確的食物處理技術(shù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的支持。一個(gè)例子就是一個(gè)最大的微生物病原體負(fù)載的新鮮肉類和家禽的規(guī)范。監(jiān)管辦法：各國通過使用流程、產(chǎn)品（性能）或信息標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范食品安全。當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同時(shí)，就可以為發(fā)展中國家出口制造更多的障礙。國家的監(jiān)管制度混合了舊的法律和新的法規(guī)，通常不適用于貫穿產(chǎn)品、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或原籍國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最后，選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方案應(yīng)該盡可能減少貿(mào)易。這些監(jiān)管程序旨在通過控制國內(nèi)糧食供應(yīng)量和不斷增加來自世界各地的進(jìn)口食品來改善公共衛(wèi)生。the regulator’s job is often shifted from one of direct inspection to providing oversight for the pany’s operation of its HACCP HACCP is primarily a process standard for panylevel activity, inspection to assure pliance is challenging for imported products ing from plants in other countries, such as those in the European Union, have mandated HACCP for all levels of the food supply chain, while others such as the United States have mandated it for specific sectors(meat slaughter and processing, for example).? Adoption of hybrid regulatory HACCP may be bined with performance standards for finished performance standards(a minimum incidence of Salmonella in finished products, for example)provide a check on whether the HACCP plan is performing increased use of performance standards has been facilitated by the development of more accurate and speedier testing procedures, particularly for such tests may make it easier for exporters to demonstrate and verify a particular level of 、加工者、經(jīng)銷商、餐飲服務(wù)經(jīng)營者決策的影響，也受到消費(fèi)者和政府法規(guī)的影響。第一篇：外文文獻(xiàn)注釋規(guī)范外文文獻(xiàn)注釋規(guī)范引證外文文獻(xiàn)，原則上以該文種通行的引證標(biāo)注方式為準(zhǔn)。示例1：專著Randolph Starn and Loren Partridge, The Arts of Power: Three Halls of State in Italy, 13001600, Berkeley: California University Press, 1992, ： 譯著, The Travels of Marco Polo, William Marsden,Hertfordshire: Cumberland House, 1997, , ： 主編 and (eds.), The Brenner : Cambridge University Press, 1985, ： 析出文獻(xiàn), “The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in England,” in and (eds.), Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Pattern on Societ，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, ： 期刊Heath , “On the Se