【正文】 ty in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Ine Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual ines in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers39。s new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Ine Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The postWorld War II Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement ine, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement ine security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employer39。Italia, 536 . 238, 122 S. Ct. 2117, 153 L. Ed. 2d 280 (2002), upheld the IRS aggregate method of reporting tip ine. Instead of requiring the IRS to make individual determinations of unreported tips for each employee when calculating FICA tax, the Court held that the IRS could make employers report their gross sales on a monthly statement to help determine tip ine. Employees also must report their tip ine monthly on a form. The IRS then uses these two pieces of information to calculate what the employer needs to contribute in FICA tax. 。s gross ine to arrive at an adjusted gross ine, from which additional deductions are taken to arrive at the taxable ine. Once the amount of taxable ine has been determined, tax rate charts determine the exact amount of tax owed. If the amount of tax owed is less than the amount already paid through tax prepayment or the withholding of taxes from paychecks, the taxpayer is entitled to a refund from the IRS. If the amount of tax owed is more than what has already been paid, the taxpayer must pay the difference to the IRS. Calculating the gross ine of restaurant employees whose ine is partially derived from gratuities left by customers has led to disputes with the IRS and employers over how much they should contribute in federal insurance contribution act (fica) taxes. Although customers pay these tips directly to employees, federal law deems the tips to have been wages paid by the employer for FICA tax purposes. Employers are imputed to have paid large sums of money they never handled and for which they no way of ascertaining the exact amount. The Supreme Court, in trust, 158 . 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 [1895]). After many years of debate and promise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on ine without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the ine tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the . ine tax system has bee very plex. In 1913 the ine tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation。當(dāng)然,減少乃至根治建筑屋面的滲漏問題,還需改正施工技術(shù)管理水平等諸多不合理之處，提高設(shè)計(jì)及施工人員的從業(yè)水平，從多方面提高人們對屋面防水重要性的認(rèn)識程度，從原材料、設(shè)計(jì)、施工的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行把關(guān)，才能從根本上解決滲漏問題，當(dāng)然這還有一段很長的路要走。6 結(jié)論與展望確保屋面防水工程質(zhì)量是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程,需要綜合考慮方方面面的因素。排除空氣后，平面部位可用外包橡膠的長300mm、重30kg的鐵輥滾壓，使卷材與基層粘結(jié)牢固。 3．鋪貼卷材 （1）屋面鋪粘卷材時(shí)，應(yīng)平行屋脊從檐口處往上鋪貼，注意雙向流水坡度卷材的搭接要順流水方向；長邊及端頭的搭接寬度空鋪、點(diǎn)粘、條粘時(shí)均為100mm，滿貼法時(shí)為80mm且端頭接槎要錯(cuò)開250mm。 2．細(xì)部構(gòu)造復(fù)雜部位處理。鋪設(shè)防水卷材的基層必須干凈、干燥。水落口周圍直徑500mm范圍內(nèi)坡度不應(yīng)小于5%，水落管徑不應(yīng)小于75mm，一根水落管的屋面最大匯水面積宜小于200m2。 3．對屋面設(shè)計(jì)的要求。這樣避免施工后留下缺陷，造成返工，同時(shí)工程依據(jù)施