【正文】 is still used in some areas but most measurement techniques utilized in large fields, offshore, or in recently developed areas, involve automatic measurement.這種方法仍舊在另外一些領(lǐng)域當中應(yīng)用，但是絕大多數(shù)的測量方法需要在原野，海岸，或者有高新技術(shù)的地點，包括自動化的測量。29. Often a scrubber is used in gas gathering systems to handle a rather homogeneous production stream, as opposed to conventional oil and gas separators, which might have to handle slugs of liquids.通常刷子是用在天然氣收集系統(tǒng)來處理同類產(chǎn)流，與傳統(tǒng)的油氣分離相反，它能夠處理未蒸發(fā)的燃料液體。33. Reciprocating pressors e in a wide range of sizes and are often operated by internal bustion engines, usually powered by natural gas.壓氣機包括各種型號，根據(jù)它內(nèi)部的內(nèi)燃機來區(qū)分，并且通常用天然氣驅(qū)動。37. Recent developments in the industry have led to the use of pressure sensing transducers that convert the pressure signals to electrical signals at the meter and transmit them to a flow puter located either onsite or at a remote location.這個工業(yè)的近期發(fā)展已經(jīng)促使壓力傳感器的應(yīng)用，這種壓力傳感器用這種表把壓力信號轉(zhuǎn)變成電信號，隨后把它傳給置在現(xiàn)場的或很遠的流水線計算機。41. These structures have bee increasingly larger and more structurally plex to enable them to withstand waves and currents.這種結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸變的更大，構(gòu)造上更復雜來使它們能夠承受風浪。44. For safety reasons and space requirements, the pumps, pressors, separators and crews’ quarters are located on separate platforms connected by walkways.由于安全原因和空間需求，泵、壓縮機、分離機和工人的住地被單獨置在依靠橋連接的平臺上。48. With time, however, most areas of the reservoir are affected by a pressure reduction and the movement of fluid toward the wellbore.然而，隨著時間的推移，油層的大多數(shù)區(qū)域受壓力減小和流體流進井眼的影響。52. A critical flow velocity through the choke insures that pressure fluctuations downstream from the choke will have no effect on the flowing tubing pressure upstream from the choke.通過油嘴的臨界流速保證油嘴后壓力波動對油嘴前垂直管流壓力不產(chǎn)生影響。56. Specific values of C and n can be used to relate pwf and qgc for decreasing pR, as long as the permeability and other factors relating to flow do not change.在滲透率和其他與滲流有關(guān)的參數(shù)不變的情況下，確定C和n的值可以描述pwf和qgc與持續(xù)下降的pR之間的關(guān)系。60. The degree to which each of these mechanisms affects the well’s production rate depends on the type of gas lift method applied: continuous flow or intermittent flow.這些裝置中每種影響產(chǎn)量的程度取決于所采用的氣舉方法：連續(xù)氣舉或間歇氣舉。64. the surface unit, which transfers rotating motion to a linear oscillation of the rod string.井下泵用于將井底的液體排出并因此降低井底壓力；桿柱用于將地表的動力傳到井下泵；地面部分用于將循環(huán)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為桿柱的線形擺動。67. The power fluid system can be either open (OPF) or closed (CPF) depending on whether the power fluid is mingled with the produced fluids or is returned to the surface in a closed conduit.液壓系統(tǒng)是開式還是閉式取決于動力液是和產(chǎn)出液混合排出還是直接從封閉導管返回到地面。69. Often the drilling program and the pletion must be designed to acmodate the artificial lift equipment that will bee necessary even when the well initially flows on its own.通常鉆井過程和完井必須設(shè)計得與人工舉升設(shè)備相匹配，這甚至在油井最初自噴采油階段也是必須的。66. In deep wells, a tapered string of rods, decreasing in diameter with depth, can be run to maximize strength at the point of maximum load—the top of the string (fig. ).在深井中，采用的是隨著井深增大而直徑遞減的錐型桿柱。62. The type of valve and its location will depend on the expected flow characteristics of the well over its lifetime, whether continuous or intermittent gas lift is to be used, and whether the upper valves are to be used for simply unloading the fluid in the annulus or for multipoint injection.閥的型號和位置取決于超過其使用期后預(yù)測的流體特性，是采用連續(xù)氣舉還是間歇性氣舉方式，和是用頂部閥來簡易地給環(huán)空中的液體卸載還是用于多點注氣。58. If the producing bottomhole pressure bees so low that it will not allow the well to produce at a desired flow rate (or perhaps any flow rate!), some sort of artificial energy supply will be needed to lift or help lift the fluid out of the wellbore.如果井底壓力過低而不能使油井產(chǎn)出需要的流量時（或可能沒有一點流量），一些人工能量的支持將被用來舉升或協(xié)助舉升流體從井眼到地面。54. If these should change, for example if we were to have a